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Windows

lastmod 2026-02-23created 2014-02-11103 edits

Detailed list of Windows Products

Microsoft Windows is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first released as an application providing multitasking and a GUI environment on MS-DOS, which was widely used at the time, to compete with Mac OS, the graphical user interface (GUI) operating system that Apple first introduced to personal computers. It is currently used on 90% of personal computers worldwide and is gradually expanding into server operating systems as well. Because the Windows operating system holds a large market share, it has the advantages of being very familiar to ordinary users and having many well-known compatible applications, but for the same reason it is also perceived as an operating system with many security weaknesses.

Category

Developer utilities

Network utilities

A look at the network-related commands provided by the Windows OS. With network-related commands you can easily figure out the current network status and identify problems. To run network commands on the Windows OS, use a Command Prompt window.

  • ping: Tests whether the host you want to reach is connected to the network.
  • arp: Checks the MAC address (hardware address) corresponding to an IP address.
  • ipconfig: Checks the IP address/subnet mask/default gateway, etc.
  • nslookup: Converts a domain address into an IP address.
  • tracert: Checks the IP addresses of the routers along the route to a destination IP address.
  • netstat: Checks currently open port numbers (a command for checking server operation).
  • route: Checks and manages routing table settings such as the default gateway.

Softwares

  • WinSW - A wrapper executable that can run any executable as a Windows service, under a permissive license.

Kernel

Hot to use

Directories

Enable viewing of hidden files and folders, and look in these folders:

  • C:\Users\<your user name>\AppData\Local\Adobe\...
  • C:\Users\<your user name>\AppData\Roaming\Adobe\...
  • C:\Users\<your user name>\AppData\LocalLow\Adobe\...

Administrator privileges

There is no sudo command in Windows. The nearest equivalent is "run as administrator." You can do this using the runas command with an administrator trust-level, or by right-clicking the program in the UI and choosing "run as administrator."

Enable administrator account

To enable the Windows 10 administrator account do the following (note: this works in older versions of Windows as well):

  1. Run the command net user to display a list of all user accounts on the system. You should see Administrator listed as one of the accounts.
  2. To activate the inactive administrator account, run the command net user administrator /active:yes
    • Windows returns "The command completed successfully" if the operation was successful. Check the spelling and that you are in an elevated command prompt interface if you get error messages.
  3. If you want to enable the guest account as well run the command net user guest /active:yes

How to change the user folder

If you want to change what is currently C:\Users\사용자명,

  1. Run netplwiz.
  2. Create a new temporary user (with administrator privileges),
  3. sign in as the new temporary user,
  4. remove the existing user.
  5. Create an account with the desired user name (administrator or standard user privileges, as you like)
  6. Sign in again with the new user name
  7. Remove the temporary user.

Proceed in this order.

MBR vs GPT Partition Format

(This is needed when installing Windows on Mac OSX using Bootcamp)

When installing Windows on UEFI-based PCs using Windows Setup, your hard drive partition style must be set up to support either UEFI mode or legacy BIOS-compatibility mode. For example, if you receive the error message "Windows cannot be installed to this disk. The selected disk is not of the GPT partition style”, it's because your PC is booted in UEFI mode, but your hard drive is not configured for UEFI mode. You have a few options. Reboot the PC in legacy BIOS-compatibility mode. This option lets you keep the existing partition style. For more info, see Boot to UEFI Mode or Legacy BIOS mode.

Reformat the drive for UEFI by using the GPT partition style. This option lets you use the PC's UEFI firmware features.

  1. Reboot the PC in legacy BIOS-compatibility mode. This option lets you keep the existing partition style. For more info, see Boot to UEFI Mode or Legacy BIOS mode.
  2. Reformat the drive for UEFI by using the GPT partition style. This option lets you use the PC's UEFI firmware features.

Reformatting the drive using a different partition style

  • From inside Windows Setup, press Shift+F10 to open a command prompt window.
  • Reformat the drive.

UEFI mode: Use DiskPart to clean the drive and convert it to the GPT partition style. 

diskpart
list disk
select disk <disk number>
clean
convert gpt
exit

Legacy BIOS-compatibility mode: Use DiskPart to clean the drive and use the default partition style (MBR). 

diskpart
list disk
select disk <disk number>
clean
exit

At this point, you can close the command prompt window and continue the Windows Setup installation.

Operating systems by Microsoft

Operating systems by Microsoft

Xenix, M-DOS, MSX-DOS, MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows (1.0, 2.x, 3.x, 9x, NT, CE, Mobile, Phone), Xbox operating system, Xbox 360 System Software, Zune, DangerOS, Singularity, Midori, HomeOS, Barrelfish

Relative EXE or DLL

Directory vs Folder

Windows 95 introduced Windows Explorer and along with it the term folder. What is the relationship between folders and directories?
Some people believe that Windows 95 renamed directories to folders, but it's actually more than that.
Windows Explorer lets you view folders, which are containers in the shell namespace. Directories are one type of folder, namely, folders which correspond to file system locations. There are other types of folders, such as Control Panel or Network Neighborhood or Printers. These other types of folders represent objects in the shell namespace which do not correspond to files. In common usage, the term virtual folder has been applied to refer to folders which are not directories.

Hosts

The path of the file that plays the role of Hosts (/etc/hosts) in Linux is as follows. 

C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts

Windows 11

Windows Subsystem for Linux

See Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) for installation and related issues.

Windows Server (Download)

Windows Virtual Machine (Download)

Windows 7 VM

These virtual machines expire after 90 days. We recommend setting a snapshot when you first install the virtual machine which you can roll back to later. Mac users will need to use a tool that supports zip64, like The Unarchiver, to unzip the files.

The password to your VM is "Passw0rd!"

Windows 11 VM

The system requirements are as follows:

  • Processor - 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with 2 or more cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or System on a Chip (SoC).
  • RAM - 4 gigabyte (GB).
  • Storage - 64 GB or larger storage device Note: See below under “More information on storage space to keep Windows 11 up-to-date” for more details.
  • System firmware - UEFI, Secure Boot capable. Check here for information on how your PC might be able to meet this requirement.
  • TPM - Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0. Check here for instructions on how your PC might be enabled to meet this requirement.
  • Graphics card - Compatible with DirectX 12 or later with WDDM 2.0 driver.
  • Display - High definition (720p) display that is greater than 9” diagonally, 8 bits per color channel.

To install manually, see VirtualBox#Installing Windows 11.

Windows 7

Unofficial Windows 7 Service Pack 2

UNOFFICIAL Windows 7 Service Pack 2, to improve basic Windows 7 usability on modern systems and fully update Windows 7.

Setting up an SSH server

See OpenSSH#Windows.

Setting up RDP

Go to "Windows key > Settings" (not "Control Panel"); it is under "System > Remote Desktop".

RDP sign-in authentication error right after signing in with a Microsoft account

Go to "Settings" (not "Control Panel") and turn OFF the password and authentication options.

  • Set "Settings > Accounts > Accounts > Sign-in options > Additional settings > For improved security, only allow Windows Hello sign-in for Microsoft accounts on this device (Recommended)" to "Off"
  • Change "Settings > Accounts > Accounts > Sign-in options > Ways to sign in > Password" to "Sign in using your account's password"

This makes the Microsoft account (email address) and password the RDP ID/PW.

In remmina, you can leave the domain blank.

If you don't want to use an MS account, see #Signing in with a system account instead of a Microsoft account below.

Or recreate the account using netplwiz.

Signing in with a system account instead of a Microsoft account

If you have already signed in, either create a new account with netplwiz or

  • press the "Sign in with a local account instead" button in "Settings > Accounts > Accounts > Your info > Account settings > Microsoft account".

How to view system information

  • Legacy way - check via "My Computer > [right-click] > [popup context] > Properties"
  • Modern way - "Settings > System > About" - there are link buttons under "Related links" in "Device specifications". <- Includes workgroup (DOMAIN), environment variable settings, etc.

Troubleshooting

Accessing a shared printer

If accessing it from the "Run" dialog with something like \\192.168.0.1 doesn't connect properly, try connecting by entering the PC's name instead of its IP address.

Remove file

Here is how to remove files (CON, NUL) that cannot be deleted the usual way in Windows.

When deleting, rename the file using its full path including \\.\, then remove it. (For example, to remove the file C:\NUL, do the following.) 

rename \\.\C:\NUL deletefile
del deletefile

Not found hal.dll

Sometimes the system cannot boot because the hal.dll file cannot be found. Generally, if this file is corrupted it is best to install a new Windows; alternatively, restore the hal.dll file in the system32 directory.

Accessing Korean-style ActiveX/EXE sites

Check the following.

  • Add-on execution problems: Disable Internet Options > Security tab > Enable Protected Mode.
  • ActiveX/EXE execution problems: Enter the site address in Internet Options > Security tab > Trusted sites.
  • If files cannot be downloaded: Internet Options > Security tab > Custom level... > Downloads > File download > Enable
  • If the website doesn't work properly (JavaScript problems): Internet Options > Security tab > Custom level... > Scripting > Active scripting > Enable
  • If side refreshes happen frequently: Internet Options > Advanced tab > Browsing > Enable automatic crash recovery > Disable

Windows 10 freezing 

bcdedit /set disabledynamictick yes

Device remains in the auto sign-in list after signing out

See Windows Hello#Device remains in the auto sign-in list after signing out.

See also

Favorite site

Image Download

References

  1. Missing_file_hal_dll.pdf ↩

  2. Www_windowexe_com.zip ↩

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