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Python:Libraries

lastmod 2026-07-31created 2022-07-18203 edits

Sorted list of recommended Python libraries

Interpreter/Implementations

  • Monty - Lightweight Python interpreter for safely running AI-generated code
  • PyPy

Python IDEs

Lint

Code Formatter

  • autopep8
  • yapf
  • black
  • isort - Automatically sorts the libraries imported in python

Code coverage

Type Checker

Stub Files (pyi)

Dependency manager

  • Poetry - Dependency management

Charset

  • chardet - Universal encoding detector for Python 3

Serialization

Parser/Lexer

  • Pygments - Syntax Highlighting library
  • Tree-sitter - A parser generator and incremental parsing library.
  • AST (Abstract Syntax Tree) - Built into Python.
  • Lark (Earley and LALR parsers) - A flexible parser generator that can parse a variety of syntaxes.

JSON

jq

  • pyjq - A Python binding for ./jq
  • jqpy - Python bindings for jq
  • jq.py - JQpy is Python binding for JQ (JSON processing language) that simply works on any platform (even Windows) and does not require compilation.

XML

  • Xmltodict
  • xmlschema - An XML Schema validator and decoder
  • lxml - Powerful and Pythonic XML processing library combining libxml2/libxslt with the ElementTree API.

Web crawler

Web application framework

  • Twisted: Twisted is an event-driven networking engine written in Python and licensed under the open source ​MIT license.
  • Aiohttp: http client/server for Asyncio.
  • Bottle: Fast, simple and lightweight WSGI micro web-framework
  • Django: The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines
  • Falcon: A high-performance Python framework for building cloud APIs
  • Flask: A microframework based on Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good intentions
  • Muffin: A web-framework based on Asyncio stack
  • Pyramid: A small, fast, down-to-earth, open source Python web framework
  • Weppy: The webframework for humans
  • Wheezy Web: A lightweight, high performance, high concurrency WSGI web framework
  • Tornado: A Python web framework and asynchronous networking library
  • pure-python WSGI application
  • aiortc: WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio.
  • Sanic
  • Vibora
  • FastAPI
  • Python:Requests - Http client.
  • Uvicorn - ASGI web server for Python.
  • Gunicorn - Python WSGI HTTP Server for UNIX
  • Lumi - Tiny framework that turns Python functions into REST APIs
  • Pynecone - Develop the Backend and Frontend together in Python.
  • Plain - Web framework for Python
  • Streamlit - Easy web-building tool for data scientists
  • uploadserver - A simple server similar to http.server, but with upload support.

Banchmark result:

Networking

Network protocols, sans I/O

Projects that implement only pure network protocols, without I/O

SSH

Shell

  • plumbum - shell combinators library

Search engine

  • Whoosh - Pure Python, Full Text Search
  • textdistance - Search by computing text similarity
  • fuzzywuzzy - Similar text search
  • langchain - LLM (large language model)-based search implementation

Network Automation

  • Netmiko - Multi-vendor library to simplify CLI connections to network devices
  • Nornir - Nornir is an automation framework written in python to be used with python.
  • NAPALM - Network Automation and Programmability Abstraction Layer with Multivendor support
  • Ansible

Desktop Automation

Quantum computing

  • Qiskit
  • Cirq

Web Assembly/wasm

Server-sent events (SSE) support

WebDAV

Serial communication

Terminal emulator

  • pyte - A lightweight, fast virtual terminal emulator written in pure Python. It interprets ANSI and VT100 sequences and runs in headless mode.
  • pseudoterminal (pty) - Can create a virtual terminal headlessly using the Python standard library pty.
    • Available by default with no separate package installation. Suitable for tests that interact with the system terminal.
  • pexpect - A library for terminal automation and interaction. It works on top of pty, automates various terminal commands, and captures output.
    • Can interact with various network tools such as SSH, FTP, and telnet, and is suitable for automating terminal commands.
  • vttest (py-vt100) - A Python library that performs VT100/ANSI terminal emulation. Used when low-level terminal emulation features are needed.
  • termcolor
  • blessings
  • pymux
  • python-prompt-toolkit
  • pyvim

Bluetooth

RTC/ICE/TURN/STUN

Mathematics, Science, Engineering

  • Numpy - Matrix manipulation
  • Scipy - Mathematics, science, and engineering
  • Metaflow - Open-source full-stack Python framework for data science, made by Netflix
  • sympy - Symbolic computation and equation solving
  • statsmodels - Provides classes and functions for estimating various statistical models
  • scikit-learn - Machine learning
  • matplotlib - Visualization
  • pandas - Data manipulation and analysis
  • klongpy - High-speed array programming language for Python
  • Manim - Python package for math animations, made by Grant Sanderson of YouTuber 3Blue1Brown.

Physics engine

Animation

Analytics

  • Kats - Python framework for time-series data analysis

Geometry

  • shapely
  • Fiona - reads and writes geographic data files (e.g. .shp file)

GIS/OpenStreetMap

  • prettymaps - Python library for drawing custom maps from OSM data

Graph theory

Date/Time

Database

Key–value database

Cache

Data visualizing

See the site (Various ways to visualize data in Python).

Machine Learning/Deep learning

Large language model (LLM)

  • Marvin - Open-source library that makes it easy to attach AI to code

Natural language processing (NLP)

Big Data

  • Tuplex - Parallel big data processing framework

DataFrame

Image

Vector Graphics

SVG

  • scour - An SVG Optimizer / Cleaner
  • svgelements - Svg Elements Parsing
  • svgpathtools - A collection of tools for manipulating and analyzing SVG Path objects and Bezier curves.
  • svg.py

Video

Audio

  • Pydub - Manipulate audio with a simple and easy high level interface

Multimedia framework

Python with FFmpeg - How to:

Game/Rendering Engines

See Python:RenderingEngines.

OpenGL

VR/AR

  • Augmentor - Image augmentation library in Python for machine learning.

Security

Asynchronization/asyncio/aio

cron/Scheduler

Python Package Manager

Testing

E2E Test

  • Playwright - Playwright enables reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps.

Medical

  • pyFAST - Python bindings for FAST - A framework for high-performance medical image computing and visualization on heterogeneous systems using multi-core CPUs and GPUs.

Graphic

Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

Graphical interfaces can be made using a module such as PyQt5, PyQt4, wxPython or Tk.

GUI development

  • DearPyGui - GUI library
  • Eel - Chrome-based GUI library
  • Gooey - Converts command-line programs into GUI applications
  • Kivy - Cross-platform GUI library
  • PyGObject - GNOME-based GUI library
  • PyQt/PySide - Feature-rich cross-platform GUI
  • MagicGUI - Library that simplifies GUI creation
  • PyDracula - Modern GUI PySide6 / PyQt6
  • PyQtChart - Chart extension library for PyQt5/PyQt6
  • PyQtGraph - High-performance graphics and visualization for PyQt
  • QtPy - Abstraction layer for various Qt bindings
  • napari - High-performance n-dimensional interactive image viewer
  • qtpynodeeditor - Node editor for PyQt apps
  • PySimpleGUI - GUI development library
  • Tkinter - Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • CustomTkinter - Tkinter-based modern GUI library
  • VTK - 3D visualization library
  • PyVista - Library for 3D visualization and analysis
  • wxPython - Cross-platform GUI toolkit

OpenGL

Webview/www/html

  • remi - Python REMote Interface library
  • pywebview - Build GUI for your Python program with JavaScript, HTML, and CSS
  • Eel - A little Python library for making simple Electron-like HTML/JS GUI apps
  • browsergui - A Python GUI that uses a browser to draw things.
  • pyJS - pyjs is a Rich Internet Application (RIA) Development Platform for both Web and Desktop.
  • Flexx - Write desktop and web apps in pure Python (by flexxui)
  • DicksonUI - Lightweight And Full Featured Browser Based UI / GUI (Graphical User Interface Library)
  • fman build system - Easy cross-platform development with Python and QT (fbs: a lightweight alternative to Electron)
  • PyScript - Run Python code in HTML
  • Neutron - Create modern cross-platform apps in Python using HTML and CSS
  • WebUI - Use any web browser as GUI, with your preferred language in the backend, and HTML/JS/TS/CSS in the frontend.
  • dash - Dash is the original low-code framework for rapidly building data apps in Python.
  • CEF Python

Web Frontend

System Tray

Updater

Browser

  • Brython - Browser implementation of Python 3
  • Browser-Cookie3 - Grab and use the browser's cookies from Python

TUI/CUI/CLI/Console

  • urwid - Console user interface library for Python
  • colorama - Makes ANSI escape character sequences (for producing colored terminal text and cursor positioning) work on MS Windows.
  • mpcurses - An abstraction of the Python curses and multiprocessing libraries that provides function execution and runtime visualization.
  • pytermgui - A modern TUI library free from the shackles of web development.
  • tqdm - A Fast, Extensible Progress Bar for Python and CLI
  • rich - Python library for rich formatting in the terminal
  • Textual - TUI framework for Python
  • (Translation) Making pretty CLIs with Python :: Ibiza
    • Docopt
    • PyInquirer
    • PyFiglet
    • Clint
    • EmailCLI
  • Espanso - Cross-platform text expander software (made with rust, but extensible with python)

Protocols: RTSP/RTP

Protocols: SDP

Static type check

  • Pyright
  • Mypy
  • PyPy
  • Nuitka - Converts Python modules into C-level programs, then uses libpython and C files to behave similarly to CPython

Programming Language (binding)

Logging (Log Aggregator)

Task Queue / Multi-Task / Process / Parallel

  • Python:asyncio
  • Python:subprocess
  • Python:multiprocessing
  • Python:threading
  • aiomultiprocess
  • celery
  • psutil
  • process-isolation - Process Isolation in Python - Elegant process isolation in pure python
  • ray
  • Task Queues - Full Stack Python
    • Celery - A distributed task queue; the most commonly used Python library for handling asynchronous tasks and scheduling.
    • RQ (Redis Queue) is a simple Python library for queueing jobs and processing them in the background with workers. RQ is backed by Redis and is designed to have a low barrier to entry.
    • Taskmaster is a lightweight, simple distributed queue for handling large numbers of one-off tasks.
    • Huey is a Redis-based task queue that aims to provide a simple yet flexible framework for executing tasks. Huey supports task scheduling, crontab-like repeating tasks, result storage, and automatic retry on failure.
    • Kuyruk is a simple, easy-to-use task queue system built on top of RabbitMQ. Its feature set is small, but new features can be added through extensions.
    • Dramatiq is a fast and reliable alternative to Celery. It supports RabbitMQ and Redis as message brokers.
    • django-carrot is a simple task queue specifically for Django that can serve when Celery is overkill.
    • tasq is a brokerless task queue for simple use cases. It is not recommended for production unless further testing and development is done.
  • Pyper - A flexible framework for concurrent and parallel data processing based on functional programming patterns.

Process manager

Virtual Environment

  • pyenv - Python version management.
  • virtualenv - Python package dependency management.
  • pipenv - Automatically creates and manages a virtualenv for the project, and pins versions with the Pipfile.lock file.
  • poetry
  • pip
  • pyenv
  • venv
  • pdm
  • hatch
  • Rye - One-stop Python environment manager

Encryption / Decryption

Authentication/RBAC/ACL

Entity component system (ECS)

Optical character recognition (OCR)

Documentation generator

SDK

Building/Packaging

  • Buildozer
  • PyOxidizer - A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool
  • fpm
  • PyAppImage
  • py2exe - Windows only
  • py2app - Macs only
  • pynsist
  • Nuitka
  • cython
  • Flit - Python packaging tool
  • Meson - Modern solution for efficient builds of Python projects
  • Packaging - Package version comparison and dependency management tool
  • Pipenv - Package manager and virtual environment management tool
  • Poetry - Python package dependency manager
  • PyInstaller - Windows, Mac, and Linux. Converter to standalone executables
  • Rye - Unified Python package management solution
  • conda - Manages packages and isolated environments
  • cx_Freeze - Windows, Mac, and Linux. Converter to standalone executables
  • devpi - Personalized PyPI server
  • pip - Python's default package manager
  • pipdeptree - Package dependency tree visualization
  • pipx - Environment for installing and running Python apps in isolated environments
  • setuptools - Python package build and distribution tool
  • uv - Rust-based Python package installer
  • wheel - Python's standard binary distribution format

CI/Webhook

  • git-auto-deploy - Deploy your GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket projects automatically on Git push events or webhooks.
  • autohooks - Library for managing git hooks

Licensing (Product Key)

Container

Obfuscation libraries

See also the #Obfuscation section below.

Native/Jit

  • Cython
  • Nuitka - Converts Python modules into C-level programs, then uses libpython and C files to behave similarly to CPython
  • Numba
  • llvmlite
  • PyPy
  • Pyjion - A drop-in JIT Compiler for Python 3.10
  • codon - High-performance Python-like compiler using LLVM
  • LPython - New high-speed Python compiler

Debugging/Performance/Profileing

Python Call Graph Loguru Snoop Heartrate

AutoComplete

Visual programming

Build

internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n)

Argument parser

Environment Variables

tiling window manager

xlib

SOAP

  • Zeep
  • Spyne - A transport and architecture agnostic rpc library that focuses on exposing public services with a well-defined API.

ONVIF

WSDL

WS-Discovery

Watchdog/Hot reload

  • Watchgod - It's 'G'od.
  • Watchdog - It's 'D'og. Moved to watchfiles.
  • LiveReload - Hot reload watch server.
  • Reloadium - Advanced Hot Reloading for Python
  • python-hmr - Hot module reload for python, automatically reload your code when files are modified. No need to modify source code.
  • auto-reloader - Automatic reloading library for Jupyter
  • reloadr - Hot code reloading tool for Python

Keyboard/Mouse Hooking

  • boppreh/keyboard - Hook and simulate global keyboard events on Windows and Linux.
  • boppreh/mouse - Hook and simulate global mouse events in pure Python

Dummy/fake

  • faker - Fake data generator
  • Replibyte - Tool that fills development DBs with real data

File/Storage/Filesystem

  • smart_open - Utils for streaming large files (S3, HDFS, gzip, bz2...)
  • PyFilesystem2 - Python's Filesystem abstraction layer

MS Office

  • python-pptx - read/write powerpoint format
  • OpenPyXL - read/write excel format
  • xlwings
  • pywin32
  • python-docx

PDF

  • borb - Open-source Python library for reading/writing/editing PDFs
  • PyPDF2

Path/Directory/Setting

  • [Recommended] appdirs - A small Python module for determining appropriate platform-specific dirs, e.g. a "user data dir".
  • appdata - AppData is a Python library to access app data paths based on the operating system the app is running on.
  • usersettings - Portable Local Settings Storage for Python

Cloud

AWS

Google

ETC

vim debugging

Plain ol' pdb can be integrated into vim with

(My own favourite) pudb can be integrated with

And the popular ipdb can be integrated with

Top 10 Python Libraries of 2020

  • [Recommended] Top 10 Python libraries of 2020
  • Typer : Building CLIs
  • Rich : Making CLIs beautiful
  • Dear PyGui : GPU-accelerated GUI - Used this one instead when pyimgui didn't work well. (Works fine now)
  • pyimgui
  • PrettyErrors : Makes errors look nice
  • Diagrams : Drawing cloud architectures
  • Hydra & OmegaConf : Developing large, complex apps
  • PyTorch Lightning : Makes PyTorch easier to use
  • Hummingbird : Converts traditional ML models to PyTorch etc. to make them faster
  • HiPlot : Interactive visualization tool for high-dimensional data
  • Scalene : High-performance, high-precision CPU & memory profiler
  • Norfair : Real-time 2D object tracking

Other Honorable Mentions

  • quart : Asynchronous web framework with a Flask-compatible API
  • alibi-detect : Monitoring outliers in tabular data, text, images, time series, etc.
  • einops : Readable tensor code. Supports numpy, PyTorch, TensorFlow, etc.
  • stanza : Natural language processing
  • datasets : Library that helps you easily load and preprocess public datasets
  • pytorch-forecasting : Time-series forecasting
  • sktime : Time-series processing framework for machine learning
  • netron : Neural network/deep learning/machine learning model viewer
  • pycaret : Low-Code machine learning library
  • tensor-sensor : Visualizes tensor error messages in a readable way

Libraries that stood out in Python in 2025

Top 10 general-purpose libraries:

  • ty - Ultra-fast Python type checker written in Rust
  • complexipy - Tool for measuring the cognitive complexity of code
  • Kreuzberg - Multilingual document intelligence framework
  • throttled-py - Request rate control based on 5 algorithms (Fixed/Sliding Window, Token/Leaky Bucket, GCRA)
  • httptap - Detailed timing analysis and visualization of HTTP requests
  • fastapi-guard - Integrated security middleware solution for FastAPI
  • modshim - Extends existing libraries through module overlays
  • Spec Kit - GitHub's Spec-Driven Development tool
  • skylos - Dead code detection and security vulnerability analysis tool
  • FastOpenAPI - Automatic OpenAPI documentation generation for any web framework

AI/ML/Data Top 10 libraries:

  • MCP Python SDK & FastMCP - Model Context Protocol implementation that connects LLMs to external data
  • TOON (Token-Oriented Object Notation) - Compact JSON alternative format for LLMs
  • Deep Agents - LangChain-based framework for long-running LLM agents
  • smolagents - Hugging Face's lightweight code-executing agent framework
  • LlamaIndex Workflows - Event-driven AI workflow framework
  • Batchata - Unified batch processing API for OpenAI, Anthropic, and Gemini
  • MarkItDown - Microsoft's document→Markdown converter
  • Data Formulator - Microsoft Research's AI-based data visualization tool
  • LangExtract - Google's library for accurate structured extraction from text
  • GeoAI - OpenGeos' framework for integrated AI and geospatial analysis

Notable runners-up:

  • AuthTuna - Authentication and authorization framework for asynchronous Python
  • FastRTC - Turns Python functions into real-time audio/video streams
  • hexora - Static analysis tool for detecting malware patterns
  • opentemplate - Project template with up-to-date development, security, and CI/CD settings
  • Pyrefly - Meta's Rust-based high-performance type checker
  • datetime - Standard library for handling dates and times
  • Arrow - Library for handling dates and times
  • pendulum - Powerful library for handling dates and times
  • python-dateutil - Extension of the datetime library
  • zoneinfo - IANA time zone support
  • glob - Find file lists by pattern matching
  • os - Library for interacting with the operating system
  • pathlib - Object-oriented file system paths
  • shutil - High-level file operations library
  • sys - System-specific parameters and functions
  • tempfile - Create temporary files and temporary folders
  • time - Time access and conversions

Data science and analysis

  • Algorithms - Python implementations of algorithms and data structures
  • Faker - Fake data generation tool
  • Jupyter - Web-based interactive computing environment
  • Pyvis - Interactive network graph visualization
  • Kiwisolver - Efficient constraint solving algorithm
  • NumPy - Library for high-performance numerical computation
  • CuPy - CUDA-based Numpy-compatible API
  • Dask - Parallel computing library
  • JAX - High-performance numerical computation library based on the NumPy API
  • Flax - Powerful neural network library for Jax
  • NumPyro - JAX-based probabilistic programming language
  • Joblib - NumPy memmap in joblib.Parallel
  • Ray - Library for high-performance distributed computing
  • xarray - Library for easily working with multidimensional arrays
  • Pandas - Tool for data manipulation and analysis
  • GeoPandas - Geographic data manipulation and visualization
  • PandasAI - Library for AI access to Pandas DataFrames
  • cuDF - GPU-accelerated DataFrames
  • modin - Pandas-based distributed data frames
  • polars - Rust-based high-performance data frame library
  • PySpark - Python API for Apache Spark
  • Shapely - Spatial data manipulation and analysis
  • Taichi - High-performance programming language and computer framework
  • The Algorithms - Python implementations of algorithms and data structures
  • datatable - Large-scale tabular data processing
  • python-patterns - Python implementations of design patterns
  • vaex - Processing of large datasets based on lazy evaluation

Science and engineering

  • Astropy - Astronomical data analysis and visualization library
  • Biopython - Python library for bioinformatics
  • KLayout - EDA tool for integrated circuit (IC) design
  • ObsPy - Seismology data analysis library
  • PyKrige - Library for Kriging techniques on geographic data
  • PySpice - Electronic circuit simulation library
  • RDKit - Cheminformatics and molecular modeling tool
  • SimPy - Discrete event simulation framework
  • SimpleITK - Medical image processing and analysis tool
  • SymPy - Symbolic computation library
  • yt - Astrophysics and cosmology simulation

Time-series data processing

  • AutoTS - Time-series forecasting
  • Darts - Time-series forecasting and analysis
  • Kats - Facebook's time-series data analysis
  • Prophet - Facebook's time-series data forecasting
  • Sktime - Time-series data analysis and forecasting
  • lifelines - Survival analysis library
  • tsfresh - Time-series forecasting and classification

Text and natural language processing (NLP)

  • NLTK - The most widely used natural language processing (NLP)
  • AllenNLP - Open-source NLP library
  • Bark - Suno's Transformer-based Text-to-Audio model
  • DeepSpeed - Deep learning optimization library
  • Fairseq - Sequence-to-sequence training toolkit
  • Gensim - Natural language processing library
  • KiwiPiePy - Intelligent Korean morphological analyzer
  • KoBERT - SKT Brain's Korean natural language processing model
  • KoNLPy - Korean NLP in Python
  • Polyglot - Multilingual natural language processing library
  • SpeechRecognition - Speech recognition library
  • T5/T5X - Google Research's Text-to-text transformation model
  • TTS - Open-source Text-to-Speech library
  • TextBlob - Text processing library
  • gTTS - Google Text-to-Speech
  • re - Regular expression library
  • sentencepiece - Text data tokenization
  • spaCy - English natural language processing library

Statistics and mathematical computation

  • Manimgl - Animation engine for creating math videos
  • Manim - Python package for math animations, made by Grant Sanderson of YouTuber 3Blue1Brown.
  • SciPy - Library for scientific computing
  • SciPy.signal - Signal processing module
  • Statsmodels - Statistical modeling and visualization library
  • math - Standard math library
  • mpmath - High-precision arithmetic library
  • pingouin - Lightweight statistical analysis library
  • statistics - Mathematical statistics functions

Data visualization

  • Apache Superset - Open-source BI tool for data exploration and visualization
  • Bokeh - Web visualization of large-scale data
  • Cartopy - Geographic data visualization library
  • Chartify - Data visualization library developed by Spotify
  • Diagrams - Library for generating system architecture diagrams
  • Graphviz - Graph and network diagram generation
  • pydot - Library for processing Graphviz's DOT language
  • HiPlot - Multidimensional data visualization

Jupyter-based data visualization

  • HoloViews - Complex visualizations, fast and flexible
  • LUX - Data analysis library that automates EDA
  • Mito - Jupyter-based spreadsheet and code generation
  • PivotTableJS - Jupyter-based DataFrame visualization
  • PyGWalker - Jupyter-based visualization library
  • Visual Python - Low-code visualization
  • drawdata. - Draw Datasets in Jupyter
  • nbgrader - Jupyter notebook-based educational tool
  • ydata-Profiling - Data profiling library
  • Matplotlib - The most common visualization library
  • adjustText - Automatically adjusts text labels so they don't overlap
  • mpld3 - Web-friendly interactive graphics
  • mplfinance - Stock market data visualization library
  • tikzplotlib - Converts Matplotlib graphs to TikZ code
  • NetworkX - Modeling and visualization of network structures
  • PandasGUI - Easily visualize and manipulate DataFrames
  • Plotly - Web-based interactive visualization
  • Dash - Web framework for scientists
  • Pygal - Python SVG graph visualization library
  • Seaborn - Statistical data visualization based on Matplotlib
  • Vega-Altair - Declarative web visualization
  • VisPy - High-performance interactive data visualization library
  • Visvis - Object-oriented 3D and 2D visualization library
  • flowfunc - flume-based node editor Web app.
  • folium - Map visualization library
  • h2o-wave - Real-time web apps and interactive dashboards
  • nodezator - pygame-based node editor
  • turtle - Educational turtle graphics library

Machine learning and artificial intelligence

  • Bob - Library for machine learning and signal processing
  • CNTK - Deep learning framework developed by Microsoft
  • Caffe - Computer vision-focused deep learning framework
  • Datasets - Datasets for natural language processing and machine learning projects
  • ELI5 - Machine learning model debugging/interpretation library
  • FastAI - Rapid prototyping and experimentation in deep learning
  • Gymnasium - Developing and comparing reinforcement learning algorithms
  • Keras - Open-source neural network library for Python
  • LangChain - LLM-based chain framework
  • LightGBM - Gradient Boosting framework
  • Netron - Visualization of machine learning model formats
  • NuPIC - Next-generation machine learning inspired by the brain's neural networks
  • ONNX - Format for exchanging models between machine learning frameworks
  • PyCaret - Machine learning library
  • PyMC - Statistical modeling and probabilistic programming library
  • Aesara - Numerical computation library succeeding Theano
  • Theano - Numerical computation library
  • PyTorch - Deep learning models
  • PyTorch Lightning - Modern deep learning framework
  • torchvision - Datasets, models, and transform functions for computer vision tasks
  • Scikit-learn - Various machine learning algorithms
  • TensorFlow - Open-source machine learning library developed by Google
  • Whisper - Automatic speech recognition made by OpenAI
  • XGBoost - Enhanced gradient boosting algorithm
  • diffusers - Deep learning-based generative model tool
  • mxnet - Apache's open-source deep learning framework
  • timm - PyTorch image models
  • transformers - ML library from the Hugging Face team

Networking and web scraping

  • BeautifulSoup - Tool for extracting web data
  • HTTPX - Modern asynchronous HTTP client
  • MechanicalSoup - Automation + web scraping library
  • PyQuery - HTML document parsing and manipulation library
  • PyZMQ - Python bindings for the ZeroMQ library
  • Requests - Concise HTTP library
  • Scapy - Interactive packet manipulation program
  • Scrapy - Powerful web crawling and scraping framework
  • Selenium - Powerful tool for web automation and testing
  • SeleniumBase - Selenium-based web testing framework
  • asyncio - Asynchronous I/O library
  • Asyncer - Utilities for asynchronous programming
  • Trio - Library for asynchronous concurrency and I/O
  • Twisted - Event-driven networking engine
  • aiohttp - Asynchronous HTTP client/server framework
  • httpie - Command-line HTTP client
  • impacket - Collection for network protocols
  • socket - Low-level networking interface
  • urllib - URL handling tool
  • urllib3 - Powerful HTTP client library
  • webbrowser - Tool for controlling the default web browser

Real-time communication

  • WebSockets - WebSocket server and client development
  • paho-mqtt - Pub/Sub client for the MQTT protocol
  • python-socketio - Python Socket.IO server and client

Web application servers

  • Gunicorn - Python-based WSGI implementation
  • uWSGI - General-purpose web server
  • uvicorn - Python-based ASGI server

Web application frontend

  • FastUI - Faster, better web application UIs
  • JustPy - Object-oriented, high-level Python web framework
  • NiceGUI - JustPy-based web framework

Web frameworks

  • Bottle - Simple micro web framework
  • CubicWeb - Semantic web framework
  • Django - Feature-rich, powerful web framework
  • Channels - Adds asynchronous processing and real-time communication to Django applications
  • Django REST framework (DRF) - Tool based on the Django web framework
  • Falcon - High-performance microservice web framework
  • FastAPI - Fast, modern API development
  • Flask - Lightweight, flexible micro web framework
  • Flask-RESTful - Flask-based tool for building RESTful APIs
  • PY4WEB - Framework for developing database-driven web Apps.
  • Pyramid - Lightweight, flexible web framework
  • Quart - Asynchronous web framework
  • Reflex - A new horizon for modern web development
  • Sanic - High-performance asynchronous web framework
  • Starlette - Python asynchronous web framework
  • Streamlit - Easy web-building tool for data scientists
  • Tornado - Networking library and web framework
  • web2py - Open-source web application framework

Utilities and other

  • IDNA - Internationalized domain name handling
  • Jinja2 - Python web template engine
  • MarkupSafe - Safely handles markup languages such as HTML and XML
  • OAuthLib, Authlib, PyJWT - Authentication protocol libraries
  • Pydantic - Data validation tool for web frameworks
  • Werkzeug - WSGI utility library
  • gevent - Lightweight coroutine library for asynchronous programming

Static site generators

  • Nikola - Static site generator
  • Pelican - Static site generator
  • mkdocs - Library for Markdown documentation sites

Content management systems (CMS)

  • Django CMS - Django-based open-source CMS
  • Mezzanine - Django-based open-source CMS
  • Wagtail - Django-based open-source CMS
  • python-wordpress-xmlrpc - WordPress REST API
  • GNUBOARD6 - Korean open-source CMS

Database and file handling

  • DuckDB - SQL database for data analysis
  • Elasticsearch - Python client for Elasticsearch
  • Elasticsearch DSL - High-level Python library for Elasticsearch

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)

  • Peewee - Small, expressive ORM library
  • Pony - Python ORM tool
  • SQLAlchemy - Python SQL toolkit
  • Alembic - Database migration tool for SQLAlchemy
  • SQLModel - SQL database manipulation tool
  • Pinecone - Vector database management
  • Protobuf - Serialization data structure developed by Google
  • SQLite3 - Python standard database module
  • Datasette - Explore SQLite databases on the web
  • Streamz - Real-time data stream processing library
  • chardet - Library for detecting the encoding of byte strings
  • charset-normalizer - An alternative to chardet
  • cx_Oracle - Oracle Database interface
  • h5py - Python interface to the HDF5 format
  • json - JSON encoder and decoder
  • JMESPath - JSON data querying and transformation
  • jsonschema - Data validation using JSON Schema
  • kafka-python - Client library for Apache Kafka, a distributed streaming platform
  • pymssql - Library for accessing Microsoft SQL Server
  • python-dotenv - Environment variable management library
  • sqlmap - SQL injection testing automation tool

Database drivers

  • PyMongo - Python driver for MongoDB
  • PyMySQL - MySQL client library
  • Redis-py - Redis client library
  • psycopg2 - Python adapter for PostgreSQL

Excel data processing

  • xlsxwriter - Excel writing library
  • xlwings - Library that integrates with MS Excel
  • PDFMiner - Library for extracting text and images from PDF documents
  • PyLaTeX - Tool for generating and managing LaTeX documents
  • PyMuPDF - Data extraction, analysis, conversion, and manipulation of PDF documents
  • PyPDF - PDF editing library
  • PyYAML - YAML parser and generator
  • ReportLab - Library for generating PDF documents
  • csv - Reading and writing CSV files
  • csvkit - Suite of command-line tools for processing CSV files
  • html.parser - Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  • pikepdf - PDF creation/editing/analysis library
  • python-docx - MS Word document editing library
  • python-pptx - MS PowerPoint file editing
  • sphinx - Powerful documentation generation tool
  • tomllib - Standard TOML handling tool
  • toml - TOML file handling tool
  • xml - XML processing module
  • lxml - XML and HTML processing library

Game development

  • Arcade - Library for developing 2D video games
  • Blender Python API - Blender's Python API
  • Godot-Python - Plugin that adds Python scripting language support to Godot
  • ModernGL - OpenGL-based high-performance graphics
  • Panda3D - 3D rendering and game development engine
  • PyBullet - Open-source physics simulation library
  • PyOpenGL - Standard OpenGL binding library
  • Pymunk - 2D physics engine library
  • PythonRobotics - Collection of robotics algorithm code
  • Ren'Py - Story-driven game development engine
  • Ursina - 3D game development engine
  • pygame - Cross-platform for game development
  • pyglet - Cross-platform development framework

Video processing

Audio processing

  • PyAudio - PortAudio-based audio processing library
  • Pydub - Audio file control
  • audioread - Audio file processing
  • librosa - Music and audio analysis tool
  • music21 - Library for music analysis, composition, and education
  • playsound - Audio file playback
  • scipy.io.wavfile - .wav read/write module
  • sounddevice - Audio input and output control
  • wave - Reading and writing WAV files

Image processing

  • EasyOCR - Optical character recognition (OCR) library
  • Face Recognition - Face recognition library
  • Mahotas - Computer vision library
  • Pillow (PIL Fork) - Imaging library
  • PyTesseract - Python Tesseract OCR library
  • SciPy.ndimage - Multidimensional image processing module
  • SimpleCV - Computer vision processing library
  • colour-science - Provides algorithms for color science
  • colour-datasets - Datasets used in color science
  • colour-demosaicing - Image demosaicing library
  • imageio - Imaging library
  • opencv-python - Computer vision processing library
  • scikit-image - Image processing and analysis library

Development tools

  • abc - Abstract base class library
  • ctypes - Foreign function library for Python
  • logging - Python logging tool
  • multiprocessing - Python's built-in parallel programming
  • traceback - Prints error messages and stack Traces
  • typing - Type hint support library
  • typing-extensions - Extensions to the type hint system
  • venv - Virtual environment creation
  • virtualenv - Tool for creating virtual Python environments

Data types

  • collections - Container data types
  • dataclasses - Data class library
  • enum - Enumeration support
  • pickle - Python object serialization library
  • types - Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
  • zipfile - ZIP compression and extraction tool

Device management

  • PyCUDA - CUDA binding library
  • PySerial - Serial communication library
  • PyUSB - USB communication control library
  • gpiozero - GPIO control tool for Rasberry Pi
  • keyboard - Library for detecting and manipulating keyboard input
  • psutil - Tool for system and process management tasks
  • pynput - Monitors and controls keyboard and mouse input

Command-line (CLI) and terminal tools

  • Python-Fire - Turns existing Python code into a CLI
  • Rich - Advanced text and layout library
  • Textual - Tool for developing modern terminal user interfaces
  • The Fuck - Tool that corrects typos made in the terminal
  • Typer - CLI creation tool based on Python type hints
  • alive-progress - Dynamic progress bar tool
  • argparse - Parser for command-line options, arguments, and subcommands
  • asciimatics - Terminal text-based UI
  • click - Command-line interface (CLI) creation library
  • colorama - Library for terminal text colors and styles
  • tabulate - Pretty-prints in table format
  • tqdm - Progress indicator tool
  • Espanso - Cross-platform text expander software (made with rust, but extensible with python)

Code quality tools

  • Bandit - Tool for finding security vulnerabilities
  • Black - The uncompromising code formatter
  • Flake8 - Python Linting tool
  • PyTest - Testing framework
  • Ruff - Rust-based Python Linter and code formatter
  • YAPF - Python Code Formatter developed by Google
  • isort - Automatically sorts import statements in Python code
  • mypy - Optional static type checking tool
  • nox - Automated test and task running tool
  • pylint - Static code analysis tool
  • tox - Automated testing tool
  • unittest - Unit testing framework

Functional programming modules

  • functools - Library for higher-order functions
  • wrapt - Module for decorators, wrappers, and monkey patching
  • itertools - Iteration operations on iterable data
  • more-itertools - Library that complements itertools

DevOps

Third-party APIs

  • GitPython - Library for working with Git repositories
  • PRAW - Python Reddit API Wrapper
  • Tweepy - Python Twitter API
  • facebook-sdk - Facebook Graph API
  • google-api-python-client - Google services API library
  • python-slack-sdk - Slack developer Kit
  • telepot - Telegram bot API
  • python-telegram-bot - Telegram Bot API development tool
  • twython - Twitter API library

Cloud services and APIs

  • AWS CLI - Manage AWS services from the command line
  • Azure SDK for Python - Collection of client libraries for Microsoft Azure services
  • Google Cloud Python - Collection of various GCP client libraries
  • apache-libcloud - Unified interface for cloud services
  • boto3 - Amazon Web Service (AWS) API library
  • aiobotocore - Asynchronous version of the boto3 library
  • botocore - Low-level core library for interacting with AWS services
  • splunk-sdk - Python API for Splunk Cloud

Automation tools

  • Home Assistant Core - Open-source home automation platform library
  • Ansible - IT automation tool
  • Apache-airflow - Automation of complex data pipelines
  • Fabric - Command-line tool and library
  • Paramiko - SSHv2 library
  • Netmiko - Simplifies Paramiko SSH connections
  • PyAutoGUI - Library for automatic GUI control
  • PyWinAuto - Windows GUI automation tool
  • Robot Framework - Automated testing framework
  • Schedule - Job scheduling library
  • celery - Distributed task queue system
  • grpcio - General-purpose RPC framework
  • invoke - Automates task execution and file manipulation
  • luigi - Workflow automation tool developed by Spotify
  • pyinfra - Server infrastructure automation tool

Utilities and tools

  • APScheduler - Advanced scheduling library
  • Certifi, pyOpenSSL - Python SSL/TLS certificate management
  • Cookiecutter - Template-based project generation tool
  • FileLock - File-based lock implementation
  • FontTools - Font file manipulation library
  • IPython - Interactive shell for the Python language
  • IceCream - Stop debugging with print().
  • Magika - AI-based file type detection tool
  • PrettyErrors - Makes standard error messages easier to read
  • Pygments - Syntax Highlighting library
  • Pyperclip - Python clipboard library
  • Reloadium - Code reloading tool
  • Spyder - IDE for scientific computing and data science
  • Tenacity - Retry mechanism implementation
  • attrs - Tool for simplifying Python class definitions
  • behave - Implementation of the behavior-driven development (BDD) methodology
  • boltons - Complements and extends Python's built-in features
  • configparser - Library for managing INI-format configuration
  • pycparser - ANSI C code parsing tool
  • pyscreenshot - Screenshot capture library
  • pyspread - Python spreadsheet
  • pywin32 (a.k.a. win32com) - Windows native API control library

Finance

  • CCXT - Unified API for cryptocurrency exchanges
  • FinanceDataReader - Library for easily fetching Korean/US financial data
  • OpenDartReader - API tool for the Financial Supervisory Service's electronic disclosure system (Open Dart) service
  • Quandl - Platform providing time-series datasets on economics, finance, sociology, and more
  • QuantLib - Quantitative (quant) finance library
  • TA-Lib - Technical analysis tool for financial market data
  • pandas-datareader - Financial and economic data collection tool
  • yfinance - Tool for accessing financial data provided by Yahoo Finance
  • zipline - Algorithmic trading library

Blockchain

  • Brownie - Framework for Ethereum-based projects
  • PyTeal - Writing Algorand Smart Contracts (ASC1)
  • Web3.py - Library for interacting with the Ethereum blockchain

Cryptography and security

  • Cryptography - Cryptographic functions and secure communication
  • PyCrypto - Once widely used cryptography library
  • PyCryptodome - Self-contained cryptography library
  • PyNaCl - Networking and cryptography library
  • hashlib - Secure hashes and message digests
  • itsdangerous - Securely signs and passes data
  • pwntools - Collection of security tools

Autonomous driving research

  • Bark simulator - Development, simulation, and benchmarking of autonomous driving behavior
  • CARLA - Open-source simulator for autonomous driving research

Python implementations and optimization tools

  • CPython - Implementation of Python
  • Cython - Compiles Python code to the C language
  • MicroPython - Python implementation for microcontrollers
  • Mojo - Alternative Python implementation
  • Numba - Open-source JIT compiler for speeding up functions
  • PyPy - Alternative implementation of the Python language
  • Scalene - Python CPU+GPU+memory profiler

Other libraries

  • Art - ASCII art library
  • ascii_magic - Converts images or videos to ASCII art
  • pix2tex - LaTeX OCR tool
  • python-barcode - Barcode generation tool
  • six - Resolves compatibility issues between Python 2 and 3
  • word_cloud - Word cloud generation library

Important organizations and sites in the Python ecosystem

  • Awesome Python - Collection of Python libraries, frameworks, software, and resources
  • Hugging Face - The most innovative company in the AI field
  • NumFOCUS - Nonprofit organization founded to advance open-source software in data science
  • Terminal Text Effects - Terminal text effects library

See also

Favorite site

References

  1. Python_Serialization_Benchmarks_-by_Shmuel_Amar-_Medium.pdf ↩

  2. Read_and_write_video_frames_in_Python_using_FFMPEG.pdf ↩

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