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Linux

lastmod 2026-09-22created 2014-01-05128 edits

Linux is a computer operating system, and the term also refers to its kernel. Linux is one of the best-known examples of free software and open source development. Linux is a network operating system (NOS) that supports multiple users, multitasking, and multithreading.

Strictly speaking, the term ‘Linux’ refers only to the Linux kernel, but it is commonly used to refer to the whole operating system (also known as GNU/Linux), which includes the Linux kernel and the libraries and tools of the GNU project. Linux distributions include most software beyond the core system. There are currently more than 200 distributions.

Category

Open 3D Foundation

The Linux Foundation established the Open 3D Foundation to support projects related to 3D graphics, rendering, authoring, and development. Its first project is development of the O3DE engine. Apache 2.0 license. https://o3de.org O3DE's initial codebase is the Lumberyard game engine developed by AWS. Donated by AWS.

Table of Linux Distribution

Linux distribution (table)

Red Hat

RHEL

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, Scientific Linux, Oracle Linux, Rocky Linux, CBL-Mariner

Mandriva Linux

OpenMandriva Lx, Mageia Linux, PCLinuxOS

MeeGo

Tizen, Sailfish OS

Fedora, Amazon Linux, Bazzite

Debian

Ubuntu

  • Official: Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu Kylin, Ubuntu MATE, Ubuntu Studio, Xubuntu
  • Derivatives: Asturix, Bodhi Linux, elementary OS, Emmabuntüs, KDE neon, Linux Lite, Linux Mint, LXLE Linux, Peppermint OS, Pinguy OS, Pop! OS, Trisquel ,Ubuntu Phone, Ubuntu Unity, Uruk, Zorin OS

Kali Linux, CrunchBang, Gooroom OS, Kylin, Damn Small Linux, Slax, TmaxOS, Raspberry Pi OS, Tails OS, Whonix, Deepin, Endless OS, MX Linux, OMV, Astra Linux

ArchLinux

Manjaro Linux, EndeavourOS, Antergos, ArchBang Linux, Chakra Linux, Steam OS, Archcraft

Windows Binding

CooperativeLinux

AndLinux, SpeedLinux

Mobile

Android

Lineage OS, CalyxOS, Paranoid Android

Debian

Ubuntu Touch, Mobian (Debian for Mobile)

Unknown

postmarketOS, Plasma Mobile, GrapheneOS, PureOS, Sailfish OS, Tizen OS, LuneOS

Other

OpenWRT, NixOS, Solus, Alpine Linux, openSUSE, RouterOS, webOS, Puppy Linux, postmarketOS, dahliaOS, Talos Linux (Kubernetes OS), Horizon Linux, blendOS, Gentoo Linux, Tiny Core Linux, Floppinux

Distribution Detection

List of ways to detect the distribution

If you have a Linux distribution or version of a listed distribution not in this gist, or one of the ones I have not directly verified, I could use the following:

  • The contents of /etc/os-release, if it exists
  • Whether or not the lsb_release program is installed, and whether it's part of a "default" install
  • The output of lsb_release -a if installed
  • The contents of /etc/lsb-release, if it exists
  • The contents of any other /etc/*-release files
  • Any other reliable way to determine the flavor and version of your Linux distribution, especially if none of the above exist

Directory

The Linux directory structure is as follows.

/

The top-level directory (root directory). Linux has no concept of drives as in the products of a certain company M; every directory is located relative to the top-level directory.

/bin

Contains most of the important executables.

/boot

Contains files related to system booting.

/dev

Contains device files.

/etc

Contains files that hold the system configuration.

/home

Contains the home directories of regular account users.

/lib

Contains system shared library files.

/mnt

Directory where other devices are mounted

/media

Removable Device

/proc

Contains files that hold process information.

/root

Home directory of root.

/sbin

Contains executables that root needs to operate the system.

/tmp

Directory for storing temporary files

/usr

user applications3, contains most programs and configuration files for users.

/var

Directory where information related to system administration, such as log files, is stored

/opt

optional add-on software packages 45

/srv

Service Data

Files

Command Table

Basic UNIX Commands (List of Basic UNIX Commands)

alias, apropos, apt-get, aptitude, aspell, at, awk, basename, bash, bc, bg, break, builtin, bzip2, cal, case, cat, cd, cfdisk, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chkconfig, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, command, continue, cp, cron, crontab, csplit, cut, date, dc, dd, ddrescue, declare, df, diff, diff3, dig, dir, dircolors, dirname, dirs, dmesg, du, echo, egrep, eject, enable, env, ethtool, eval, exec, exit, expect, expand, export, expr, false, fdformat, fdisk, fg, fgrep, file, find, fmt, fold, for, format, free, fsck, ftp, function, fuser, gawk, getopts, grep, groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, groups, gzip, hash, head, help, history, hostname, iconv, id, if, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, import, install, iptables, jobs, join, kill, killall, less, let, ln, local, locate, logname, logout, look, lpc, lpr, lprint, lprintd, lprintq, lprm, ls, lsof, make, makefile, man, mkdir, mkfifo, mkisofs, mknod, more, mount, mtools, mtr, mv, mmv, netstat, nice, nl, nohup, notify-send, nslookup, od, open, op, passwd, paste, pathchk, ping, pkill, popd, pr, printcap, printenv, printf, ps, pushd, pwd, quota, quotacheck, quotactl, ram, rcp, read, readarray, readonly, reboot, rename, renice, remsync, return, rev, rlogin, rm, rmdir, rpm, rsh, rsync, screen, scp, sdiff, sed, select, seq, set, sftp, shift, shopt, shutdown, sleep, slocate, sort, source, split, ssh, strace, su, sudo, sum, suspend, symlink, sync, tail, tar, tee, test, time, times, touch, top, traceroute, trap, tr, true, tsort, tty, type, ulimit, umask, umount, unalias, uname, unexpand, uniq, units, unset, unshar, until, updatedb, uptime, useradd, userdel, usermod, users, uuencode, uudecode, v, vdir, vi (vim), vmstat, wait, watch, wc, whereis, which, while, who, whoami, wget, write, xargs, xd-open, yes, yum, zip, ., <code>

Gnu software packages (Also includes items not in the GNU software list.)

3dldf, a2ps, acct, acm, adns, aetherspace, alive, anubis, archimedes, aris, aspell, auctex, autoconf, autoconf-archive, autogen, automake, avl, ballandpaddle, barcode, bash, bayonne, bazaar, bc, bfd, binutils, bison, bool, bpel2owfn, c-graph, ccache, ccaudio, ccrtp, ccscript, cflow, cgicc, chess, cim, classpath, classpathx, clisp, cobol, combine, commoncpp, complexity, config, coreutils, cpio, cppi, cssc, dap, dc, ddd, ddrescue, dejagnu, denemo, dia, dico, diction, diffutils, dionysus, dismal, djgpp, dmd, dominion, dotgnu, dotgnu-forum, dotgnu-pnet, dr-geo, ed, edma, electric, emacs, emacs-muse, emms, enscript, eprints, epsilon, fdisk, ferret, findutils, fontutils, freedink, freefont, freeipmi, freetalk, fribidi, gama, garpd, gawk, gcal, gcc, gcide, gcl, gcompris, gdb, gdbm, gengen, gengetopt, gettext, gforth, ggradebook, ghostscript, gift, gimp, gleem, glib, global, glpk, glue, gmediaserver, gmorph, gmp, gnash, gnat, gnats, gnatsweb, gnome, gnowsys, gnu-arch, gnu-c-manual, gnu-crypto, gnu-queue, gnuae, gnubatch, gnubg, gnubiff, gnubik, gnucap, gnucash, gnucomm, gnue, gnufm, gnugo, gnuit, gnujdoc, gnujump, gnukart, gnulib, gnumach, gnumed, gnumeric, gnump3d, gnun, gnunet, gnupg, gnupod, gnuprologjava, gnuradio, gnurobots, gnuschool, gnushogi, gnuskies, gnusound, gnuspeech, gnuspool, gnustandards, gnustep, gnutls, gnutrition, gnuzilla, goldwater, goodbye, goptical, gorm, gpaint, gperf, gprolog, grabcomics, greg, grep, gretl, groff, grub, gsasl, gsegrafix, gsl, gsrc, gss, gtick, gtk+, gtypist, guile, guile-dbi, guile-gnome, guile-gtk, guile-ncurses, guile-rpc, gurgle, gv, gvpe, gxmessage, gzip, halifax, health, hello, help2man, hp2xx, httptunnel, hurd, hyperbole, icecat, idutils, ignuit, indent, inetutils, intlfonts, jacal, java-getopt, jdresolve, jel, jpeginfo, jwhois, kawa, kopi, lastlog, leg, less, ld, ldconfig, libc (glibc), libcdio, libextractor, libffcall, libgcrypt, libiconv, libidn, libmatheval, libmicrohttpd, libredwg, librejs, libsigsegv, libtasn1, libtool, libunistring, libxmi, lightning, lilypond, linux-libre, liquidwar6, lispintro, logrotate, lrzsz, lsh, m4, macchanger, mailman, mailutils, make, marst, maverik, mc, mcron, mcsim, mdk, mediagoblin, melting, metaexchange, metahtml, mifluz, mig, miscfiles, mit-scheme, moe, motti, mpc, mpfr, mtools, myserver, nana, nano, ncurses, nettle, network, ocrad, octave, oleo, orgadoc, osip, packaging, panorama, paperclips, parallel, parted, pascal, patch, paxutils, pcb, pdf, pem, pexec, pgccfd, phantom_home, phpgroupware, pies, pipo, pkg-config, plotutils, polyxmass, powerguru, proxyknife, pspp, psychosynth, pth, pythonwebkit, qexo, quickthreads, r, radius, rcs, readline, recutils, reftex, rottlog, rpge, rush, samba, sane, sather, scm, screen, sed, sendmail, serveez, sharutils, shishi, shmm, shtool, sipwitch, slib, smalltalk, smarteiffel, snakecharmer, social, solfege, sort, sourceinstall, spacechart, speex, spell, split, sqltutor, src-highlite, stalkerfs, stow, stump, superopt, swbis, systemctl, sysutils, talkfilters, tar, tee, termcap, termutils, teseq, teximpatient, texinfo, texmacs, thales, time, tramp, trans-coord, trueprint, units, unzip, unrtf, userv, uucp, vc-changelog, vc-dwim, vcdimager, vera, vmgen, vmslib, vsftpd, w3, wb, wdiff, websocket4j, webstump, wget, which, womb, xaos, xargs, xboard, xhippo, xlogmaster, xmlat, xnee, xorriso, zile

ETC

Install

Basic

Linux Kernel Basic

This book is aimed at server developers who run applications on Linux, DevOps engineers who handle both development and operations, and system engineers responsible for the overall operation of Linux systems.

  1. Introduction
  2. Checking system configuration information
  3. Process information seen through top (top)
  4. Load Average and system load (Load Average)
  5. What the free command hides (Free)
  6. swap, the key point for adding memory (swap)
  7. NUMA, a new world of memory management (NUMA)
  8. The impact of TIME_WAIT sockets on services
  9. Keeping sessions alive with TCP Keepalive
  10. TCP retransmission and timeouts
  11. The impact of dirty pages on I/O
  12. The I/O scheduler, the gateway for I/O operations
  13. Application performance measurement and tuning
  14. Appendix A. Compiling the kernel for kernel debugging
  15. Appendix B. Analyzing applications with strace
  16. Appendix C. Analyzing TCP packets with tcpdump and Wireshark

Installation error : Invalid Magic Number 

error: Invalid Magic Number
error: You need to load the kernel first

Check the checksum of the installation image (ios).

Troubleshooting

No space left on device

In short, it is an inode problem. See No space left on device for details.

Distorted audio

See Linux:Audio#Restart alsa. In short: 

pulseaudio -k && sudo alsa force-reload

General fixes when USB boot does not work

See Dd#General fixes when USB boot does not work.

See also

  • Linux:Kernel
  • GNU
  • LTTng - Linux Trace Toolkit Next Generation.
  • Asterinas - A new Linux-compatible kernel project
  • Tilck - A Linux-compatible minimal kernel
  • Tiny Core Linux - A 23MB Linux distribution including a graphical desktop
  • Apptron - A local-first development platform that runs in the browser
  • Witr - A tool that explains why a process is running on a Linux system

Favorite site

Tutorials

Guide

Applicatons

How to use (TIP)

Article

References

  1. Linux_Distribution_Detection_-_GitHub.pdf ↩

  2. Linux_-_proc_and_sys_directory.pdf ↩

  3. http://askubuntu.com/questions/11286/what-do-the-abbreviations-etc-and-usr-mean ↩

  4. http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/linux_beginner_books/linux_filesystem/opt.html ↩

  5. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12649355/what-does-opt-mean-as-in-the-opt-directory-is-it-an-abbreviation ↩

  6. Jihooyim1.gitbooks.io_-_Linux_Kernel_Basic.zip ↩

  7. Web.mit.edu-rhel_isa_ko-4.tar.gz ↩

  8. Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-6-Performance_Tuning_Guide-ko-KR.pdf ↩

  9. System_adm_for_50.txt.zip ↩

  10. Linux_-sysadmin-_list_of_command.pdf ↩

  11. KLDPWiki_Linuxdoc_Sgml_Hard-Disk-Upgrade.pdf ↩

  12. Wiki_falinux_com.zip ↩

  13. Linux_magazine_qna_100.zip ↩

  14. Wiki.kldp.org-SysAdminGuide.zip ↩

  15. Www.superuser.co.kr.7z ↩

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