Chengyu

lastmod 2019-07-25created 2019-07-255 edits

Hanja seongeo (漢字成語) or gosa seongeo (故事成語) is an idiom that describes situations, emotions, human psychology, and so on in condensed characters carrying figurative content. Also simply called seongeo (成語). Because most consist of four characters, they are also called saja seongeo (四字成語). Widely used in everyday life and in writing.

ㄱ (g)

ga (可): worth doing.
gaga (呵呵): the sound of hearty laughter.
gagye (家戒): admonitions given to one's children. In the Song dynasty, Lu You (陸游) wrote in "Jiajie (家戒)": "One must always add discipline, have them read the Confucian classics thoroughly, and teach them generosity (寬厚) and reverent caution (恭謹)." This phrase inverts that.
gagok (歌曲): song.
garyeon (可憐): lovely. Pitiful.
gamusu (可無羞): can one be without shame? Means being ashamed.
gabu (跏趺): to sit cross-legged in the lotus position.
gasan (家山): the mountains of home. Here, the place one must ultimately return to.
gaseok (可惜): regrettable.
gaso (可笑): funny, laughable.
gason (加飡): please eat plenty.
gasin (可信): trustworthy.
gajungno (家中路): a path leading into the house.
gajeung (可贈): worth giving.
gahobak (賈胡舶): a ship of barbarian merchants
gahui (可喜): worth rejoicing over.
gak (却): suddenly. On the contrary.
gak (卻): on the contrary.
gak (覺): as a noun, enlightenment. As a verb, used in several senses such as to realize, to awaken, to become aware. gakgak (覺覺): to realize enlightenment, that is, to attain enlightenment.
gakgak (各各): a bird's cawing cry.
gakgak (角角): caw caw. Onomatopoeia for a pheasant's cry.
gakgok (刻鵠) : carving a swan. From the saying that if you fail at carving a swan you still get a duck, but if you go wrong drawing a tiger you get something shaped like a dog. Means looking similar on the outside without being the real thing.
gakgyo (却敎): suddenly cause to –.
gaksok (卻笑): gak (卻) is the original form of gak (却). Suddenly
gagu (閣雨): the rain stops
gan (間): here and there. Now and then.
gan (慳): to be sparing. To be stingy; to hesitate. Unable to act on a decision.
gangan (看看): by the look of it.
gangeo (看渠): to watch that figure
gangyeong (看經): to read Buddhist sutras.
gangok (磵谷): valley.
ganrae (看來): by the look of it.
ganmubi (慳無比): incomparably stingy
ganbi (澗扉): a brushwood gate by a stream.
ganyeohwan (看如幻): seen, it is like an illusion.
gal (渴): thirsty.
galgu (葛屨): shoes woven from arrowroot vines.
galrae (渴來): to become thirsty.
galsim (渴尋): to go seeking when thirsty.
gam (撼): to shake.
gam (堪): to endure. Suitable.
gamda (敢多): to dare to do much.
gamdam (坎窞): a sunken pit. Refers to an unexpected ordeal
gamnok (堪錄): worth recording.
gambal (感發): feelings arising on seeing things.
gamsu (酣睡): in the depth of sleep.
gamae (堪愛): utterly lovely.
gamjin (堪陳): cannot be stated.
gampa (勘破): to examine. To see through (看破)
gang (强): insistently, by force
gangga (强加): to insist on eating more
ganggeon (强健): strong and healthy
gangpa (剛怕): to worry greatly.
gangnang (蜣螂): dung beetle.
gangni (腔裏): inside the chest
gangban (强半): forcibly, about half.
gangsa (强似): forcibly, more or less similar.
A famous stele, an inscription carved on a waterside cliff in Zhenjiang (鎭江市), Jiangsu (江蘇), showing the essence of the Six Dynasties script.
gangeomhan (江淹恨): Jiang Yan was a poet of the Southern Dynasties. An allusion related to his official career, but I cannot find a clear source.
gangju (强做): to do by force
gangcheon (江天): river and sky.
gae (丐): to beg. To ask for alms.
gaegae (箇箇): one by one.
gaejungsa (箇中事): the things in between the blooming of plum blossoms and chrysanthemums.
gaerak (開落): to bloom and fall.
gaeri (箇裏): inside it, in its midst. Refers to the mind.
gaejeongchak (開庭窄): on a slope, so the courtyard opens narrowly.
gaejung (箇中): within this.
gaejung (個中): within that.
gaeng (更): again, once more
gaenggam (更甘): sweeter still.
gaengnohoebok (羹鱸鱠鰒): perch soup and raw abalone.
gaengban (羹飯): gaeng (羹) is soup. To eat rice mixed into soup.
gaengsaeng (更生): to arise again.
gaengal (鏗戛): the metallic ring of a staff striking stone.
gaengyu (更有): again there is –
gaengyugi (更有歧): again there is a fork in the road.
gaengsin (更新): new. To be renewed.
gaengjang (坑藏): to bury and hide in a pit.
gaengjeok (更寂): even more desolate.
gaengjung (坑中): inside a mine shaft.
geo (去): to remove. To get rid of.
georae (去來): to go and come.
georaesin (去來身): a body that comes and goes.
georyang (渠場): geo (渠) refers to the poet himself, and georyang is the place where he ought to be.
georyu (去留): going and staying.
geosu (擧手): to raise one's hand.
geoa (渠我): you and I.
geowon (蘧瑗): Qu Boyu (蘧伯玉), a grand master (大夫) of Wei (衛) in the Spring and Autumn (春秋) period. At age 50 he said he realized the past 49 years of his life had been wrong. Since then the age of 50 has been called jibi (知非)
geoju (去住): going and staying.
geongeon (乾乾): diligently striving.
geongon (乾坤): heaven and earth, the world
geolleung (健陵): the royal tomb of King Jeongjo. Located in Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do.
geolsu (乞收): to beg and gather.
geombong (劒鋒): blade of a sword.
geop (怯): to fear. To be frightened.
ge (髻): a topknot, or hair done up in a bun.
gyeokjeok (閴寂): lonely and desolate.
gyeokchang (隔窓): beyond the window
gyeon (遣): to send.
gyeon (遣): to send. To dispatch.
gyeongwae (肩掛): to drape over the shoulder.
gyeollae (牽來): to pull along and come.
gyeollaegyeongeo (牽來牽去): to be dragged away and dragged back.
gyeonmugyeon (見無見): an abbreviation of gyeondomugyeon (見到無見). Seeing arrives at no-seeing.
gyeonsim (見心): to see the mind. To attain enlightenment.
gyeonje (䳌啼): the cry of the lesser cuckoo.
gyeonjeok (見賊): to meet the enemy.
gyeolgyeol (決決): water overflowing
gyeolseup (結習): an ingrained habit
gyeorwol (缺月): a waning moon
gyeombu (兼復): at the same time, again
gyeomchi (兼致): to bring together.
gyeong (擎): to hold a book in one's hands
gyeong (驚): to be startled. To wake from sleep in surprise.
gyeong (蘸): to dip.
gyeong (輕): lightly, carelessly.
gyeonggwe (經几): a desk holding scriptures.
gyeonggi (驚起): to jump up in surprise. To be startled.
gyeongnyeon (經年): over many years.
gyeongnae (驚來): to rise up in surprise.
gyeongno (徑路): shortcut.
gyeongnyo (境了): the boundary ends. There is nowhere further to go. Said this way because the monk's name was Ryoam (了庵).
gyeongnyun (經綸): work carried out to realize one's aspirations.
gyeongni (鏡裡): inside the mirror.
gyeongse (警世): warning the people of the world.
gyeongya (竟夜); all night long.
gyeongyeom (耕鹽): salt field.
gyeongye (鯨鯢): whales and great fish
gyeongu (經雨): the rain passes.
gyeongeun (耕隱): a recluse who tills fields
gyeongjagong (境自空): even the boundary empties of itself.
gyeongjeon (耕田): to plow a field
gyeongche (鏡體): the body of a mirror.
gyeongcheon (擎天) : to soar toward the sky
gyeongcheondongji (驚天動地): heaven and earth are startled and shaken.
gyeongcheonbyeong (擎天柄): a lotus seedpod stalk rising high toward the sky.
gyeongpa (徑破): to break at once.
gyeongha (輕霞): a faint sunset glow or mist.
gyeonghaeng (經行): a practice in which Seon practitioners walk slowly after sitting meditation to ward off drowsiness and loosen a stiffened body. Also called haengseon (行禪).
gye (誡): to warn. To be careful.
gyegwa (繫瓜): a hanging gourd. A bound existence
gyebin (溪濱): streamside.
gyesanyo (界山腰): to take the mountainside as a boundary.
gyejeon (階前): before the stone steps.
gyejopung (繼祖風): to carry on the style of the patriarchs (祖師).
gyeong (鷄翁): rooster
gyein (鷄人): a night watchman who announces the hours
go (故): on purpose, deliberately
go (固): truly
go (膏): greasy. Means thickly smeared.
goguk (古國): an ancient country.
gogeun (孤根): a lonely root.
godae (高臺): a pavilion set on high ground. Here it refers to Geumgangdae.
godeung (孤燈): a lonely lamp.
gorongsan (古壠山): a mountain with ancient graves.
gobanhoe (故盤廻): on purpose
gobong (孤篷): a lonely skiff.
gobulcheong (故不晴): deliberately refusing to clear up
gosa (孤楂): a lonely stump
gosasu (枯死樹): a tree withered to death.
gosak (藁索): straw rope.
gosan (故山): the old hills of home.
gosap (枯澁): withered and rough.
gosaek (苦索): to search painfully.
goseon (枯禪): a monk practicing Seon meditation. A withered tree
gosu (高樹): a tall tree.
goyeo (故餘): to leave over on purpose.
goyeookduje (高與屋頭齊): as high as, and level with, the top of the house.
goyeon (菰煙): mist hanging around wild rice, a waterside grass
gowa (膏wa): an oil container fitted to a cartwheel to reduce the wheel's friction
gowa (高臥): to lie high up.
gowol (孤月): a lonely moon.
goun (孤雲): a double meaning of Goun Choe Chi-won of Silla and a lonely cloud.
goin (故人): an old friend
goja (故姿): former appearance
gojang (故將): on purpose, about to.
gojeok (孤寂): lonely and desolate.
goju (沽酒): to buy liquor
goji (故知): to have known from long ago.
gochim (敲針): hammering a needle to make a fishhook.
goha (顧賀): when the people of the Jiangzuo region would not follow Emperor Yuan of Jin (晋), two men, Gu Rong (顧榮) and He Xun (賀循), were appointed. Afterward the people of the region vied to submit, and in the end the royal house could be restored. The allusion
gohan (高閑): lofty leisure. Or, lofty and leisurely.
gohwa (敲火): striking a flint to light a fire
gok (曲): a fault, a wrong.
gokgoeng (曲肱): to bend the elbow and lay one's head on it. To use one's arm as a pillow.
gokgi (曲碕): a curving shore.
gongnan (曲欄): a curved railing.
gokjo (谷鳥): a bird singing in the valley.
gonpik (悃愊): sincerity
golgol (搰搰): toiling. A horse's hooves sinking in mud, struggling
gong (控): to pull. To draw in
gong (恐): to worry.
gonggeohwan (空去還): to go in vain and come back.
gonggeobijeon (空劫已前): the empty eon (空劫) is an extremely long period during which the world has been destroyed and nothing exists. "Before the empty eon" means an unimaginably remote past.
gonggong (空空): empty, with nothing at all.
Hollow and sparse (空疎), without substance.
gongdeuk (空得): to get for free.
gongmuninseoja (孔門仁恕字): the teaching of Confucius summed up in the two characters ren and shu (仁恕).
gongsa (空使): to make – in vain.
gongeop (功業): the work of achieving merit.
gongyu (恭唯): only, reverently.
gongyun (公潤): Yun Jong-ha (尹鍾河). A relative on the maternal side who had kept in touch since the Jukran days in Seoul. Gongyun (公潤) was his courtesy name. He was also close to Aam (兒巖) Hyejang (惠藏), and several letters to him appear in Aam Yujip (兒菴遺集).
gongeung (空應): only if one can empty it, then naturally
gongjang (恐將): to fear that one will –.
gongjang (筇杖): walking stick.
gongjeon (空田): an empty field.
gongjeong (空庭): an empty courtyard.
gongjuk (笻竹): a bamboo walking stick.
gongji (筇枝): walking stick.
gonghoesu (供頮水): to have washing water brought
gonguiju (空倚柱): to lean idly against a pillar
gwa (誇): to show off. To boast.
gwa (過): to drop by on the way. To pass by.
gwageuk (過隙): a moment as short as a white horse passing a crack in a wall.
gwageuk (戈戟): spears, weapons.
gwadok (課督): to assign homework and urge on.
gwasong (科松): to thin out a pine's small branches.
gwaan (過眼): passing before one's eyes.
gwajeon (瓜田): a melon field
gwachuk (薖軸): hunger and disease. gwa (薖) means hunger and chuk (軸) means disease.
gwahak (寡虐): to lessen cruelty.
gwahak (寡鶴): a widowed crane.
gwaheun (過痕): traces of passing.
gwan (鸛): stork.
gwan (慣): accustomed.
gwan (關): to be related.
gwangwan (款款): the cooing of a turtledove
gwangwan (款款): sincere
gwanmun (關門): to close and bar the gate.
gwanmurong (觀物翁): Shao Yong (邵雍), a Song-dynasty philosopher. So called because he wrote a series of poems on observing things (觀物).
gwantong (貫通): mastery that runs through everything.
gwanuanyangtal (關羽顔良奪): refers to Guan Yunchang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms beheading Yan Liang and Wen Chou in a single sortie. Swift, clear-cut handling of affairs.
Gwaneum Bosal: a Buddha who saves sentient beings. Also called Cheonsu Gwaneum (千手觀音).
gwaneumjeon (觀音殿): a Buddhist hall enshrining Gwaneum Bosal.
gwanchwi (管取): to encompass. To grasp and take.
gwanpa (冠破): the hat breaks.
gwalgwal (活活): the sound of gushing water.
gwalsa (刮沙): only sand covers the bottom.
gwanggyun (狂麕): a mad roe deer. A roe deer out of its mind
gwangmaekjeon (穬麥田): barley field.
gwangseoksa (廣石寺): name of a temple
gwangseoljang (廣舌長): long-winded talk; words of wisdom pouring out unstopped. Here, the sound of a stream heard without pause.
gwangeum (光陰): time, the years.
gwangpyo (狂飆): a gale. A whirlwind blowing wildly.
gwanghyeon (光絢): dazzling light.
gwae (掛): to hang. To drape.
goe (媿): ashamed.
goe (塊): lump.
goeroe (傀儡): puppet.
goesu (槐樹): pagoda tree
goehyeol (槐穴): the shade of a pagoda tree. The allusion in which an errand boy at an inn borrowed the pillow of the Taoist Lü Weng, dreamed of enjoying all the wealth and glory of a lifetime, and woke to find that the kingdom in his dream was an ant kingdom in a hole at the base of the pagoda tree he had been lying under. Speaks of the vanity of human wealth and rank.
gyo (嬌): lovely. Pretty.
gyo (敎): to cause to –.
gyodo (交道): friendship.
gyobi (交飛): to fly crisscrossing
gyosu (攪水): to stir water.
gyoyeomjil (嬌艶質): a lovely, pretty nature.
gyojiseo (交趾犀): water buffalo horn from the country of Jiaozhi (交趾國). The finest of goods. Here too it means a useless sword with only a splendid scabbard.
gyoto (磽土): barren land.
gyoho (噭嚎): to cry out.
gyohoe (狡獪): cunning. A cunning person.
gu (苟): truly.
gugeosinnae (舊去新來): the old goes and the new comes.
gugyeongnapjung (舊輕衲重): the robe worn lightly for so long feels heavy.
gugong (驅空): to drive through the void.
gugong (俱空): all empty.
gugonggonghu (俱空空後): only after emptying even the thought that the mind-dharma
is all empty (空).
gugu (區區): petty and constraining.
gudo (狗屠): a dog butcher
gumok (久牧): to herd cattle for a long time.
gumongjin (久蒙塵): to be covered in dust for a long time.
gubulsi (俱不是): all are wrong.
gusa (構詞): to compose a poem in one's mind.
gusi (久視): to live long without aging
gua (嘔啞): the squawking of animals.
guo (垢汚): soiled with grime.
gujeong (九鼎): ancient bronze vessels made to symbolize the Nine Provinces (九州). Used to mean an enormous weight.
guju (久住): to live long.
guchak (癯著): gauntly dressed.
guchaek (驅策): to drive a horse with a whip. To gallop.
guchoga (舊艸家): the thatched house one used to live in.
guchokan (求捉漢): the man one was trying to catch.
guchwi (㪺取): to scoop up water and bring it.
guchi (舊治): to tend and refine for a long time.
guchip (舊蟄): long coiled there.
guhak (溝壑): irrigation ditches and gullies.
gungno (國老): another name for licorice (甘草). (*author's note)
gukjong (菊種): to plant chrysanthemums.
gun (君): you. Here, said of a thing personified.
gungisi (軍器寺): a Joseon government office in charge of making weapons and military supplies.
gundong (群動): many movements. Many animals
gunmul (群物): all the animals.
gunjimi (君知未): do you know or not?
gunhwe (羣喙): the mouths of the multitude. The slander of the crowd
gulji (屈指): to count on one's fingers.
gung (窮): to investigate thoroughly.
gungnam (窮覽): to read everything
gungsisu (躬柴水): to gather firewood and draw water oneself.
gungae (窮阨): destitute and perilous
gungchu (窮秋): late autumn
gungpo (穹包): to wrap around in a dome.
gwon (卷): to roll up. To be rolled away.
gwon (倦): tired.
gwon (捲): to roll away. To clear.
gwongye (眷係): to look back on one's family
gwongun (勸君): I urge you
gwondo (拳倒): to be knocked down by a punch.
gwollae (倦來): fatigue comes.
gwonbak (捲箔): to roll up the blind.
gwonu (捲雨): the rain clears.
gwonip (勸入): to urge someone to enter.
gwonjing (勸懲): a shortened form of gwonseonjingak (勸善懲惡), encouraging good and punishing evil.
gwebi (詭秘): to deceive secretly
gwigeorae (歸去來): to go back.
gwido (歸到): to return and arrive.
gwirae (歸來): to come back.
gwimojeon (龜毛箭): an arrow made of turtle hair. Since turtles have no hair, it means a thing that does not exist in the world. The realm beyond words.
gwijeong (歸程): the road to go
gwijin (歸眞): to return to the truth.
gyunsang (筠牀): a bamboo bed.
gyunjeong (筠庭): a bamboo grove.
geundo (勤道): to cultivate the Way diligently.
gyurwon (橘園): a citron orchard. Also the name of a village.
geunryeokjeokgong (勤力積功): to work hard and build up merit
geunsotap (勤掃榻): to sweep the bench diligently.
geunju (勤做): to strive diligently. To work.
geum (噤) : keeping one's mouth shut, staying silent.
geumgang (金剛): iron so hard it never breaks.
geumni (金柅): a brake block. An iron cartwheel
brake device
geumnin (金鱗): a fish with golden scales.
geumsan (金山): a mountain of metal. Refers to a mine.
geumseon (金仙): another name for the Buddha.
geumso (今宵): tonight.
geuma (金鴉): another name for the sun.
geumyeochim (衾與枕): quilt and pillow
geumeum (嶔崟): a high, rugged mountain.
geumja (錦字): characters embroidered in silk
geumhwaokseo (金華玉署): government offices of the court. High office
geumhwan (金丸): a golden pellet. A chestnut kernel.
geumhwang (禽簧): birdsong
geup (汲): to draw water.
geubwol (汲月): to draw up the moon.
geupche (急砌): steep stone steps.
gi (豈): how.
gigyeong (幾頃): a few furrows.
gigwan (棄官): to give up office.
gigwihong (寄歸鴻): to send by a returning wild goose.
gidamgoeeo (奇談恠語): strange tales and bizarre words.
gido (幾度): how many times.
gidok (豈獨): how could it be only.
girahun (綺羅熏): the scent of silk. Here, a silk quilt
girae (飢來): hunger comes.
giro (歧路): a fork in the road
giri (杞籬): a fence of boxthorn.
gimakgeum (起莫禁): cannot keep from rising.
gimyeol (起滅): arising and passing away.
gibyeol (記莂): proof. byeol (莂) refers to the ancient practice of splitting a bamboo slip in two when writing a contract, each party keeping one half as proof.
gibulban (豈不攀): how could one not climb it? Means one can climb it.
gisang (幾喪): lost many times.
gisangsin (幾傷神): how many times has my heart been hurt?
gisi (旣施): after one's aims have already been realized
gisi (幾時): when.
gisik (豈識): how would one know –?
gia (起我): to raise me up.
gia (機牙): a machine driven by meshing gears. Means control from an unseen place
giaro (欺我老): to deceive my old age. To make one forget being old
giyeomjin (豈染塵): how could it be stained by dust?
giu (騎牛): to ride on an ox's back.
giun (豈云): how could one say?
giyu (旣有): to already possess.
giin (畸人): giin (奇人). An eccentric person
gijeon (驥展): a thousand-li horse stretches its hooves. To gallop.
gijung (幾重): several layers.
gichun (幾春): several springs.
gipa (記把): to remember.
gihak (騎鶴): to ride on a crane's back
gihyang (飢向): to head there when hungry.
gilgwangjo (吉光鳥): a bird called Jiguang. No one has ever seen it, and only a single feather remains. Used to symbolize good fortune.
gilpae (吉貝): cotton
kkikban (喫飯): to eat a meal.
kkikjuk (喫粥): to eat porridge.

ㄴ (n)

nadeuk (那得): how could one get it?
naryongtabongsu (拏龍打鳳手): the skill to seize a dragon and strike a phoenix.
nabu (羅浮): name of a mountain in China famous for its plum blossoms.
nasachuk (螺螄軸): a screw-shaped axle for ginning cotton. Refers to the bangmyeon gyogeo (剝綿攪車).
nayu (那有): how could there be?
nachang (蘿窓): a window surrounded by vines.
nakdo (樂道): to delight in the Way.
nakmyeongho (落鳴呼): to fall in response.
myeongho means response.
nakbeompung (落帆風): a wind that makes one lower the sails.
nagan (落雁): wild geese alighting on the ground.
nagyang (洛陽): the capital
nakjeongdong (落井桐): the leaves of the paulownia by the well fall.
nakcham (落塹): to fall into a pit.
nakchok (洛蜀): under Emperor Zhezong (哲宗) of the Song, there were the Luo faction (洛黨) centered on Cheng Yi (程頤) of Luoyang (洛陽), the Shu faction (蜀黨) led by Su Shi (蘇軾) of Shu (蜀), and the Shuo faction (朔黨) headed by Liu Zhi (劉摯) of Shuofang (朔方), called the Three Factions of Yuanyou (元祐三黨). Though in different factions, they joined forces to assist the emperor and brought about a golden age known as the Rule of Yuanyou (元祐之治).
nakhwaam (落花巖): the rock from which King Uija's three thousand court ladies are said to have leapt to their deaths when Baekje fell. Located in Buyeo.
nan (難): difficult.
nangaji (難可知): hard to know.
nanmyeong (難名): hard to name.
nanmyeong (難明): hard to explain.
nanban (斕斑): glittering
nansa (難寫): hard to copy.
nansuk (爛熟): fully ripe.
nansun (難馴): hard to tame.
nansim (亂心): a troubled mind.
nanyong (難容): hard to tolerate.
nanpung (煖風): a warm wind
nanhwa (難化): hard to reform.
namnam (喃喃): the twittering of swallows. Ceaseless chattering.
namnamjaja (喃喃剌剌): the chattering cries of swallows
namjaju (藍子洲): name of a sandbar near Sonae, his hometown
nampung (嵐風): a wind that blows in the mountain haze.
namhwa (南華): Nanhua Jing. Another name for Zhuangzi.
nap (納): to take in. To put in.
napguk (納掬): to put in even a small amount, a handful. guk (掬) is the amount that two cupped hands can hold.
nammi (臘味): refers to napju (臘酒), that is, liquor brewed in the twelfth lunar month.
napjeonmae (臘前梅): plum blossoms that bloom before the twelfth lunar month
nanggan (琅玕): a word that describes bamboo in beautiful terms
nangsaeng (娘生): mother.
nangchiyongjo (狼齒龍爪): nangchi is a plant with leaves that interlock like wolf's teeth, and yongjo is a leguminous plant with leaves shaped like a dragon's claws. Their exact names are unknown
naegeum (來禽): apple or crabapple. Also called imgeum (林禽).
naedong (來東): to come east.
naewon (來遠): to come from afar.
naejosin (內朝臣): a subject who served the king inside the court.
naeha (奈何): what is to be done?
naehak (內虐): cruel within.
naehwangeo (來還去): comes and then goes again.
naehoe (內懷): to harbor – inwardly.
nyeongwang (年光): time, the years.
nyeonjang (年將): one's age is about to reach –.
nyeom (拈): to hold. To pick up
nyeomnyeom (念念): to recite over and over.
no (鷺): egret, heron.
nogyeol (露結): dew forms.
nobongmang (露鋒鋩) : the sword's point is exposed. bongmang is the point and edge of a sword.
nosam (老杉): an old cedar.
noseol (爐爇): to burn in a brazier.
nosu (魯叟): the old man of Lu. Refers to Confucius (孔子).
nosin (勞神): to wear out the spirit.
noikhwang (老益荒): growing more desolate with age
noja (鸕鶿): cormorant
nojeongi (露全機): to reveal the whole mechanism.
nohan (老漢): an old man.
nohwa (蘆花): reed flowers.
nohwal (老滑): a bird's song is seasoned and smooth
nohun (爐薰): the scent of incense from a censer.
nokgigeum (綠綺琴): another name for an old geum (琴). Appears in Sima Xiangru's "Ode on the Jade Ruyi (玉如意賦)".
nongmuneun (鹿門隱): the recluse of Lumen. Refers to Pang Degong (龐德公) of the Later Han (後漢), who took his wife and children into Mount Lumen (鹿門山), lived gathering medicinal herbs, and never came out into the world.
nogyangbangcho (綠楊芳草): green willows and fragrant grass.
nogui (綠漪): small green ripples
noktae (綠苔): green moss.
nong (籠): to be shrouded.
nong (弄): to toy with.
nonggoein (弄傀人): a puppeteer.
nongssangi (聾雙耳): deaf in both ears.
nongjin (弄盡): to play to one's heart's content.
nonghwan (弄丸): ball play
noena (磊砢): stones piled in a heap.
noeswae (惱殺): to fret. To sink into worry.
noeu (雷雨): rain with thunder.
nyo (閙): noisy.
nyo (裊): to sway.
nugak (樓角): the corner of a pavilion
nudoruhoe (屢塗屢毁): building a nest many times only to have it destroyed many times.
nuran (樓蘭): another name for the northern barbarians
nungwol (嫩蕨): a young bracken just sprouting.
nunnogyeonhwang (嫩綠姸黃): tender green and lovely yellow. Said of chrysanthemum leaves and flowers.
nuna (嫩芽): a tender sprout.
nunyeom (嫩艶): tender and pretty
nunyeop (嫩葉): a fine, soft leaf.
neunggwangneungsim (能廣能㴱): able to be broad and able to be deep.
neungnyeo (凌厲): acting however one pleases
neungsangseol (凌霜雪): to withstand frost and snow.
neungseok (陵舃): another name for plantain [車前草]. It is said that if an insect called ulseo (鬱棲) gets inside and lives there, it turns into a grass called ojok (烏足). Appears in "Tianrui (天瑞)" of Liezi (列子)
neungeom (楞嚴): the Śūraṅgama Sūtra. Name of a Buddhist scripture.
neungja (凌藉): treating with contempt
neungjung (稜中): within the corner.
neungjeung (崚嶒) : a steep, rugged mountain.
neungji (陵遲) : declining
neungpa (凌波): to cross lightly over the waves.
neungpaseon (凌波仙): another name for the narcissus (水仙花). Likens it to a fairy skimming over the waves. Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅) put it this way in his poem "Narcissus (水仙花)": "The wave-skimming fairy raises dust from her stockings, stepping lightly over the water on the crescent moon. (凌波仙子生塵襪水上盈盈步微月)"
niuiphae (泥牛入海): a clay ox goes into the sea. Taken from the Song-dynasty monk Daoyuan (道原), who wrote in Jingde Chuandeng Lu (景德傳燈錄): "I saw two clay oxen fighting their way into the sea, and to this day there has been no news of them (我见兩箇泥牛鬪入海, 直至如今無消息.)". Since a clay ox dissolves and vanishes in water, an expression for the realm beyond words.
nihwa (泥靴): shoes worn in mud. Wooden clogs.
nilchung (䘌蟲): horsefly.

ㄷ (d)

dagu (茶甌) : a tea bowl
dagun (多君): to regard you fondly.
danyeon (多年): many years.
daban (多般): many and complicated.
dabeon (多番): many times.
dasaeng (多生): lives across many generations
dayeon (茶碾): a tea millstone for grinding dried tea leaves into powder.
daong (茶翁): Dasan's name for himself.
daju (多做): to make many.
dangeo (端居): a neat dwelling.
dangyeol (團結): to clump into a ball.
danno (丹爐): a furnace for making elixirs.
dansa (簞食): rice served in a bamboo basket.
An expression taken from the saying that it was produced in a land of red mountains and blue waters (丹山碧水), with products named Yuejian (月澗) and Yunkan (雲龕)
dansok (斷續): breaking off and resuming
danyangil (端陽日): Dano, the fifth day of the fifth month
danwon (團圓): round and harmonious. Means smooth and excellent.
dangjeong (當頂): high enough to reach the crown of the head.
danjwa (端坐): to sit neatly upright.
danchong (丹叢): a mass of red clouds (丹霞). Seems to refer to a lunar halo.
dalsu (㺚水): the Dalcheon (㺚川) that flows in front of Tangeumdae
dam (湛): clear.
dam (澹): plain and simple.
damdeuk (擔得): to shoulder.
dammuksan (淡墨山): a landscape painted in pale ink.
damso (噉蔬): to eat greens, or rice with greens.
damyeon (澹然) : plain and simple.
dapjin (踏盡): to tread over everything and come through.
dapchak (踏著): to tread. chak (著) is the same as chak (着)
dang (倘): perhaps
dangnyeon (當年): at that time, in those days.
dangyak (倘若): if perhaps –
dangui (倘擬): perhaps to weigh
dangin (當人): facing others.
dae (待): to wait. gahyang (家鄕): hometown.
daegaek (待客): to wait for guests
daegyeongsang (待經霜): waiting for the frost season to pass.
daemyeon (對面): to meet face to face.
daebung (大鵬): an imaginary bird said to fly ninety thousand li once it rises and beats its wings
daesa (代謝): to replace what has withered. The new replacing the old. In the sense of sinjin daesa (新陳代謝, metabolism).
daesaryang (待思量): saryang (思量) is to think and ponder. To wait to think. To know after thinking.
daeo (待悟): to wait for enlightenment.
daejang (大藏): the Tripitaka Koreana.
daeji (帶至): to bring along.
do (度): to measure. To play music
do (都): all, entirely.
do (度): to spend (time).
do (淘): to wash out. To sift out.
do (度): to pass. To cross over, to live through. To spend.
do (渡): to cross. To go across.
do (度): to live through. To spend.
dogae (倒開): to bloom upside down. Flowers blooming toward the ground.
dogyejeungnin (道契卽隣): once you realize the Way, everyone is a neighbor.
dogo (屠沽): butchers and merchants
dogi (掉鬐): to flap the fins wildly.
dogi (倒騎): to ride backward on an ox's back.
dodo (跳跳): rat-a-tat. The sound of two clubs rapidly beating cloth
dodu (掉頭): to shake one's head
dodeuk (賒得): to borrow.
dodeung (挑燈): to trim up the lamp.
doryeong (陶令): Tao Yuanming, who served as a county magistrate.
doro (徒勞): wasted effort. Merely toiling in vain.
dori (闍梨): a teacher who instructs monks in virtuous conduct. Also used as a general term for monks.
dori (桃李): peach trees and plum trees.
domu (都無): none at all. Nothing at all.
domumol (都蕪沒): all buried without a trace.
dobang (鞱芳): hidden fragrance.
dobaeksang (導百祥): to bring about a hundred auspicious things.
dose (度世): to cross through the world. Life in the world
dosi (塗豕): a pig rolling in the mud
dosim (道心): the mind of the Way.
dojin (挑盡): to trim the wick up as far as it will go.
dojin (度盡): to deliver all beings. To save everyone.
dojeol (道絕): the Way is cut off.
dool (檮杌): name of an evil beast (惡獸)
douiseong (搗衣聲): the sound of beating cloth
doi (到耳): to reach the ear.
dojajang (道自長): the Way grows of itself.
dojaeeosin (道在於身): the Way depends on oneself.
dojungsaeng (度衆生): to deliver sentient beings.
docheo (到處): everywhere one goes.
dochwi (都就): all go forward.
dohamyeong (道何名): what name would one give the Way?
dohyeon (倒懸): to hang upside down.
dongnyeon (獨憐): especially lovely
doksin (獨信): to believe alone.
dokjwa (獨坐): to sit alone.
dokchwi (獨翠): green alone.
dokpa (讀罷): to finish reading.
dorol (突兀): abruptly towering.
dong (彤): red.
donggam (同龕): to share a shrine niche (龕室).
gam (龕) is a niche enshrining the Buddha. Said of keeping a statue of Mansu Dongja in one's dwelling.
donggong (洞空) : the valley is empty
donggeun (同根): one root.
dongnong (曈曨): day dawning
dongmyeong (東溟): the East Sea
dongban (同伴): a fellow practitioner living together.
dongjung (洞中): in the middle of the valley.
dongcheon (洞天): valley.
dongchun (動春): to stir in spring. Flower buds sprouting
donghae (童孩): a child. A little one
donghwa (東華): the world of dust.
dugyeon (杜鵑): name of a bird in the cuckoo family. It differs from the scops owl, but people of old often confused the two birds
dudonggyeso (頭童髻小): young children, bareheaded and wearing topknots.
dudu (頭頭): every head. Anywhere one lays one's head.
dumun (杜門): to close and bar the gate
duboae (杜甫哀): said of the poem Du Fu wrote on seeing a crane left alone after losing its mate.
dusahyeonggeon (蠹死螢乾); the grubs are dead and the fireflies dried up. Baopuzi (抱朴子) says: "When the mulberry is cut, the wood grubs die too [桑木見斷而蠹殄]." Here it means autumn has come
dusoreung (杜少陵): the Tang poet Du Fu. During the An Lushan Rebellion he once fled as a refugee, separated from his family
duu (杜宇): another name for the lesser cuckoo
dungun (屯軍): troops cultivating military colony fields.
deuksang (得喪): gain and loss.
deukcheon (得擅): to do as one pleases.
deung (騰): to rise up.
deunggong (騰空): to rise into the void.
deungsi (等是): all the same. No different.
deungjeo (騰翥): to soar up in flight
deungtaeheo (登太虛): to ascend into the void.
deungham (藤檻): a wisteria railing.

ㄹ (r)

ramgeo (攬車): to grab and pull a cart
ryangsi (涼颸): a cool breeze blowing in.
raedappa (來踏破): to come and trample to pieces.
raebok (萊菔): radish
ryeon (憐): lovely. Good.
ryeommak (簾幕): bead curtains and drapes
ro (露): to reveal. To show.
To be exposed.
romigeon (露未乾): the dew has not dried
rowi (蘆葦): a reed thicket.
roju (蘆洲) : a reed bed in the middle of a river
ru (累): worry, trouble
ru (漏): water clock. The bell announcing the hour.
ruun (漏雲): leaking out between the clouds.
ryuryu (纍纍): struggling
ryusi (柳市): a street shaded by willows. Usually means a street with taverns
ryuui (留意): the intention to make someone stay. The thought of holding someone back.
ryuin (留人): to make someone stay
ryucho (柳梢): the tips of willow branches.
reungmyeong (勒銘): to engrave a name.
rirak (籬落): fence.
riri (離離): grass growing lush.
ribyeon (籬邊): by the fence
ribulmun (利不聞): not to weigh profit.
risi (䙰褷): bamboo shadows swaying in the wind.
richulbi (利出否): bi (否) is the same as ak (惡). Convenient for discharging bad things

ㅁ (m)

marong (磨礱): to grind. To polish. Encouraging and inspiring one another.
mabul (魔佛): a demon that appears transformed into the form of a Buddha.
masamja (麻衫子): a hemp jacket.
maso (磨霄): to grind the sky. Means a sound is heard from the sky.
mayadu (摩耶肚): Lady Maya's belly. Maya is the mother of Shakyamuni.
maunmok (摩雲木): a tree soaring so high it seems to touch the clouds.
maje (馬蹄): a chapter title of Zhuangzi (莊子).
mapyeong (磨平): to grind flat.
mangosim (萬古心): a heart unchanged through all the ages.
makgoe (莫恠): do not call it strange.
makdae (莫待): do not wait.
makdo (莫道): do not speak.
makmang (莫忘): do not forget.
makmun (莫問): do not ask
makbu (莫負): does not betray.
maksa (莫使): do not let –.
makso (莫笑): do not laugh.
magyageom (鏌鎁釼): name of a legendary famous sword. In Buddhism it refers to the treasure sword of wisdom.
magya (鏌釾): name of a legendary treasure sword (寶劍) said to have existed in the state of Wu (吳)
magi (莫移): do not move it.
makhak (莫學): do not learn.
makhyang (莫向): do not head toward.
man (謾): recklessly, as one pleases.
mangyeongsugyeong (晩景收功): mangyeong refers to autumn having passed and the threshold of winter having been reached, and sugong means the harvest is all done.
mangyeongyeonpa (萬頃烟波): misty waves over ten thousand furrows
mangok (萬斛): gok (斛) is a unit of grain. One gok is ten mal.
mangong (漫空): scattering wildly in the void
mandan (萬端): ten thousand strands
mandong (滿洞): filling the valley.
mallakchonseong (萬落村城): a large settlement of ten thousand households.
mallu (萬縷): ten thousand threads.
mallijeong (萬里情): thoughts of home.
manmok (滿目): filling the eyes.
manbeop (萬法): the Buddha's ten thousand dharmas.
manbeopgwiil (萬法歸一): a hwadu that Seon master Zhaozhou gave to a monk practicing Seon. The question: the ten thousand dharmas return to one place, so where is that place? That point is the mind (心), so the teaching is that the goal lies in clarifying the mind and seeing one's nature (明心见性) and awakening to the Way and becoming a Buddha (悟道成佛).
mansa (晩沙): a white sand beach at dusk
mansan (蹣跚): to stagger.
mansangnong (晩尙濃): still thick late into the day.
mansu (滿袖): sleeves full.
mansudongja (曼殊童子): another name for Munsu Bosal (Mañjuśrī). Also called Manyu (滿濡) or Manyu (曼乳). The Buddha Mañjuśrī (曼殊室利) Myogilsang (妙吉祥), who manifests in the form of a child.
mansucheonsan (萬水千山): ten thousand streams and a thousand mountains.
mansik (晩食): supper.
maneo (瞞語): a lie
manyeon (萬淵): Manyeonsa, a branch temple of Songgwangsa, in Hwasun, South Jeolla.
maneup (謾挹): to grasp at will.
manui (萬疑): ten thousand doubts.
manin (萬仞): ten thousand fathoms.
maninbong (萬仭峯): a peak ten thousand fathoms high.
manjang (謾將): about to, recklessly.
manjeop (晩蜨): a butterfly at dusk.
manjeongseol (滿庭雪): snow filling the courtyard. The snow refers to pear blossoms.
manjong (萬鐘): jong is a unit of volume. An enormous official salary (祿).
manji (滿地): all over the ground.
manchak (謾捉): to seize at will.
mancheon (漫天): the whole sky. Enough to cover the sky.
manchok (蠻觸): the two countries on a snail's horns. A metaphor for quarreling over trifles. "Zeyang (則陽)" of Zhuangzi says: "The one who has a country on the snail's left horn is called the Chu clan (觸氏), and the one who has a country on the right horn is called the Man clan. They constantly went to war to seize each other's land, and tens of thousands of corpses were strewn about."
manha (挽河): to draw the water of the Milky Way.
mal (抹): to apply. To paint
malsok (末俗): the customs of a degenerate age.
maryeoha (末如何): what can be done in the end?
malhu (末後): the very end.
mang (忙): busy.
manggo (網罟): net
mangnyeom (妄念): deluded thoughts.
mangmang (茫茫): stretching out vast and endless.
mangmul (忘物): to forget external things. Not to keep them in mind.
mangyang (亡羊): to lose the sheep. To lose one's way.
manghyeong (忘形): to forget form.
mae (埋): to fill in. To bury.
maegoe (玫瑰): a flowering plant of the rose family
maedae (每待): to wait every time.
maemae (每每): always, at all times.
maebanga (賣飯家): a house that sells meals. The tavern outside the east gate of Gangjin that he first chose as his lodging after arriving in exile in Gangjin in the eleventh month of 1801
maeja (梅子): green plum.
maetae (莓苔): moss.
maehwa (梅花): the foam that floats on top in the shape of plum blossoms when powdered tea is put in water and boiled.
created a new method of divination (占法) called Plum Blossom Numerology (梅花易數) and divined good and ill fortune (吉凶).
maengmang (麥芒): barley awns
maegyeon (驀然): suddenly.
maekchu (麥蒭): the straw left after threshing barley
maengjin (孟津): name of an ancient ferry crossing on the Yellow River. It got this name because King Wu of Zhou led an alliance of the feudal lords here.
myeok (覓): to seek. To look for.
myeogu (覓牛): to look for the ox.
myeokjuong (覓主翁): to look for the master. Here juong refers to oneself, or to the mind as the subject.
myeondeung (面燈): a lantern shaped like a round ball.
myeonbalseong (面發騂): the face turning red with shame.
myeonbyeok (面壁): to sit facing a wall.
myeong (名): to name.
myeongmyeong (明明): bright and clear.
myeongmok (瞑目): to close one's eyes.
myeongbal (溟渤): a vast, boundless sea. changhae (滄海).
myeongseo (冥棲): a dwelling set deep within.
myeongyunanjak (名猶難作): even a name is hard to come up with.
myeongchang (明囱): a bright window.
myeongcheon (鳴泉): a river that flows with a crying sound.
mogeum (暮禽): a bird returning to its nest at dusk.
monyeon (侔天): to emulate heaven. To follow
mosuseon (謀手選): to seek to pick out by hand.
mosik (謀食): to seek to eat.
moyeon (暮烟): mist at dusk.
mook (茅屋): a house roofed with cogon grass. A thatched house
mojang (毛嬙): a woman counted along with Xi Shi (西施) among the beauties of antiquity
mocheom (茅檐): the eaves of a thatched hut
mocheom (帽簷): the brim of a gat (hat).
mochi (茅鴟): a kind of owl. It has a cat-like head and white feathers
mohonni (冒溷泥); to sink into a chaotic mire.
mokgeuk (木屐) wooden clogs.
mongnansa (木蘭詞): name of an old yuefu (樂府). A song about Mulan (木蘭) of the Han dynasty, who disguised herself as a man (男裝) in place of her old father and served in the army for twelve years. It conveys longing for family on the distant frontier.
mokbuyong (木芙蓉): another name for the magnolia.
moksong (目送): to see someone off with one's eyes.
mogeo (木魚): a fish carved from wood, kept at temples along with the dharma drum (法鼓). It is hollowed out and struck with a stick to make a sound.
mogi (牧爾): to feed you. i (爾) refers to the ox.
mogimun (目以聞): to hear with the eyes.
mogin (木人): a wooden doll.
mokjeongi (目前機): the signs right before one's eyes.
molbubu (沒復浮): just when it seems to sink, it floats again.
molse (沒世): forever
morinchu (沒人追): does not follow people.
moljami (沒滋味): no particular flavor.
molcheon (沒天): to be buried in the sky.
molhyang (沒鄕): a land that is nowhere. muhahyang (無何鄕).
molhyeong (沒形): without even a form.
monggakgwan (夢覺關): related to dreaming and waking from dreams.
mongdeung (瞢騰): sitting in a daze
mongnin (夢裏人): a person in a dream.
mongmong (濛濛): clouds billowing up. The day overcast with drizzle
mongiljang (夢一塲): one spell of a dream.
mongpa (夢罷): to wake from a dream.
monghoe (夢回): to wake from a dream
myogodae (妙高臺): name of a spot with a fine view at the summit of Jirisan.
myogong (描空): to depict the void. Means it is hard to do.
myomangyeon (杳茫然): remote and far away.
myomyeong (杳冥): a far, remote place.
myosan (廟算): deliberations concerning the royal ancestral shrine and the state altars
myoaegan (杳靄間): with a vast distance in between.
myochan (卯餐): breakfast eaten at the hour of myo (7 a.m.).
mu (憮): dejected. Sheepish and dazed.
mugamaeha (無可奈何): there is no way to do anything about it
mugabo (無價寶): a priceless treasure.
mugo (無故): for no reason
mugi (無記): not remembering.
mugimyeol (無起滅): there is no new arising or passing away.
mugung (無窮): endless.
munyeom (撫念): to think quietly. A state free of distracting thoughts.
muni (無泥): no layer of mud.
mudaji (無多地): not much land.
mudan (無端): for no reason.
mudosang (無度相): the appearance of mudo (無度), that is, being without rule or measure.
mudumumi (無頭無尾): with neither head nor tail.
muroe (無籟): soundless.
muroe (無賴): nothing one can do about it. Groundless. Nothing to lean on
mumyeonmok (無面目): to have no face to show. Having no facial form.
mumul (無物): there are no things.
mubido (無非道): there is nothing that is not the Way.
musahan (無事漢): a man with nothing to do.
musambyeok (無三壁): not even three walls.
musaeng (無生): neither birth nor extinction.
musaengnak (無生樂): the joy of non-birth. musaeng means neither arising nor ceasing (不生不滅), without arising and ceasing (生滅).
museobak (無栖泊): there is nowhere to nest and stop.
musujok (無手足): without hands and feet.
musueo (無手語): there is no subo (手報), that is, retribution received directly. The poem's original note says: "A Buddhist scripture says: 'If a monk goes in and out of taverns, for five hundred lives he will receive no subo.' (梵經云: 僧指酒家, 五百生受無手報)"
musul (無述): nothing to describe. Not to speak.
musaeng (無生): means that the true nature of all dharmas has neither birth nor extinction.
museobak (無栖泊): there is nowhere to nest and stop.
musosik (無消息): no news. No word at all.
musi (無始): without origin. Without beginning
musi (無時): with no set time, always.
musi (無猜): without resentment.
muae (無埃): not a speck of dust.
muae (無碍): no obstruction at all.
muyeo (無餘): nothing left over. This is all.
muyeon (無緣): there is no way
muyeom (無厭): never tiring of it.
muwi (無爲): without contrivance.
muui (無衣): poor people with no clothes to wear
muinso (無人掃): no one to sweep.
muilmul (無一物): not a single thing. Means that when one actually looked, there was nothing at all to salvage.
mujahwa (無字話): the hwadu of the character mu (無). A hwadu taken up in the Seon school as a means to liberation. When asked whether a dog has Buddha-nature, the answer was "No"; one is said to see one's nature (見性) by harboring doubt about this answer and breaking through it. Since National Preceptor Bojo Jinul, the hwadu most often taken up in Korean Seon as a means to enlightenment.
mujeok (無迹): without a trace.
muju (無住): without abiding. It is also his own name, so it means he went around looking for himself.
mujeungmugam (無增無減): neither increasing nor decreasing.
muji (無知): does not know.
muchakcheo (無着處): nowhere to set one's heart
mucheo (無處): there is no place to -.
mupasa (舞婆娑): to dance merrily.
muheun (無痕): without a trace.
muksa (嘿思): to think silently.
mukjwa (默坐): to sit in silence.
mungyeon (聞見): hearing and seeing.
mungunnibae (問君尼輩): I ask you, company of nuns.
mungiryeon (問幾年): how many years did I ask? Here it means how many years one has wandered.
munramangal (捫蘿挽葛): to grab the vines and pull the arrowroot.
munsorim (問少林): to ask for news of Shaolin. Shaolin is where Bodhidharma, facing a wall for nine years, transmitted the teachings of Seon to China. Says that frequent visits with monks are not necessarily for the sake of attaining Buddhist enlightenment.
munsiman (問心安): to ask about peace of mind.
muni (聞爾): to hear your voice.
munjeong (問程): to ask the way.
munjugong (問做工): to ask how to study.
munpyo (文豹): a patterned leopard
munhang (門巷): an alley with a gate
mulgang (物强): things, too, force themselves on me.
mulgumang (物俱忘): things are forgotten as well.
mulmuldudu (物物頭頭): each and every thing.
mulsa (勿使): must not let -.
mura (物我): things and the self.
mulpyeon (勿偏): must not lean to one side.
mulhwa (物華): the essence (精華) of things.
mulhu (物候): the signs in things that follow the change of seasons.
mi (迷): to bewilder.
mi (微): faint.
migo (未苦): without any particular hardship. Easily.
mineungso (未能消): unable to get rid of it all.
midogaksi (未到覺時): before waking from sleep.
midok (味毒): the flavor of puffer fish and the poison of puffer fish
miro (米老): refers to the Song-dynasty calligrapher and painter Mi Fu (米芾). He loved stones so much that he had the eccentric habit of bowing before any strange rock he saw.
mireukbong (彌勒峯): a peak west of Naewonam (內院庵) in Geumgangsan. Named because the shape of its rock resembles the Maitreya Buddha.
miri (未離): does not leave
mimanchon (未滿寸): not even an inch
mimang (迷茫): to wander lost far away.
mimyeong (微命): a humble fate
mimok (眉目): eyebrows and eyes. Facial features.
mimibun (味未分): the flavor has not changed.
mibu (未赴): not yet able to go.
mibullam (微分濫): beyond one's humble station.
misu (美睡): sweet sleep.
misimyeon (未是眠): it was not sleep.
mijeon (未展): a state of not yet having realized one's aims
miae (微礙): to screen slightly.
miae (未礙): cannot block.
miu (微雨): drizzle.
miuihwan (未擬還): don't even think of coming back
mii (靡迤): a gentle slope
miimyeong (未易名): cannot easily be named.
miin (未忍): cannot bear to -
mijang (彌長): longer still.
micheon (彌天): to fill the sky.
minchok (岷蜀): a rugged region where roads were made by cutting into cliffs to build plank roads (棧道)
milmil (密密): secretive.
miljeuk (蜜喞): baby mice steeped in honey. It is said that in ancient China, newborn baby mice were fed nothing but honey, then nailed alive to the banquet table and eaten as a delicacy. They got this name because they squeaked when picked up with chopsticks. Used to mean a barbaric delicacy.

ㅂ (b)

bak (薄): thin. The sun going down. To treat coldly.
bakdeunga (撲燈蛾): a moth that flies into the lamp
bangnamdamun (愽覽多聞): seeing widely and knowing much.
bagun (駁雲): clouds floating in disarray
ban (返): to go back.
bangu (斑鳩): turtledove
bangu (反求): to turn back and seek (within oneself).
bandohong (半堵紅): half the wall turned red.
bandeung (攀登): to climb holding on.
bansi (半是): about half. Half.
baneomyo (飯魚苗): to feed rice to baby fish.
banyeon (攀緣): to climb holding on.
banju (攀駐): to hang it up and keep it in place
bantaehwang (半苔荒): half overgrown with moss and desolate.
banpyo (斑豹); a spotted leopard. It is said that when a leopard's molting season comes and thick fog covers South Mountain, it starves for a week at a time without coming out of its den in order to make its fur color vivid.
banheup (半翕): half open.
bal (撥): means not budging.
ballal (潑剌): a fish leaping out of the water and frolicking lively
balmo (髮毛): hair of the head.
balbal (勃勃): a swarm of ants crowding in.
balbu (髮賦): a shortened form of "Ode on White Hair (白髮賦)". There is an "Ode on White Hair (白髮賦)" written by Zuo Si (左思) of Jin (晉). Zuo Si wrote it on seeing white hairs growing on his head.
balbun (發憤): to put in great effort.
baryeomsin (發艶新) : to bloom anew, beautifully.
baru (鉢盂): a rice bowl
bang (狵): a shaggy dog
bang (方): just now. Just.
banggong (龐公) : refers to Pang Degong (龐德公), a recluse (隱士) of the late Han dynasty. Commonly called Layman Pang (龐居士). He lived in Xiangyang (襄陽) in Nan Commandery (南郡), and even when Liu Biao (劉表), Inspector of Jing Province (荊州刺史), summoned him, he would not go; he took his household into Mount Lumen (鹿門山) and never again came out into the world.
bangdo (妨道): to hinder the Way
bangsi (方是): just then, only then.
bangsim (放心): to let the mind loose and let it wander as it pleases.
bangyeom (芳艶): fragrant and beautiful
bangohaeng (傍塢行): to walk along the edge of the bank.
bangji (方知): to know only then. To just come to know.
bangji (芳池): a fragrant pond.
bangjin (房塵): dust settled in a room.
bangchon (方寸): one inch square. A metaphor for the mind
bangho (防虎): to guard against tiger attacks (虎患).
baedo (緋桃): red peach blossoms.
baeong (培壅): to fertilize and nurture
baehoe (徘徊): to circle about and linger.
baengnyeom (百念): all kinds of thoughts.
baekdaesa (百代師): a teacher who will be a model for a hundred generations.
baengmoga (白茅家): a house roofed with white cogon grass
baekbun (白粉): hair turned white as if sprinkled with white powder
baegyeom (白拈): short for baegyeomjeok (白拈賊). A thief who steals other people's things in broad daylight without a trace. In the Seon school it refers to the skill of wiping out students' delusions and attachments without a trace.
baegundan (白雲端): the edge of white clouds.
baekjeon (百囀): twittering in all sorts of voices.
baekju (白晝): broad daylight
beon (飜): flipping over.
beondong (翻同): to change and become like –.
beoniljeon (翻一轉): to flash once.
beonchwi (翻吹): to blow, turning things over.
beonpo (樊圃): the fence of a vegetable garden
beombeom (汎汎): floating on the water
beopsim (法心): the mind of the dharma.
beopjungsim (法中心): the mind within the dharma.
beopcheonsangunam (法泉上雲庵): Sangunam of Beopcheonsa on Seungdalsan.
byeokgancha (碧磵茶): fine tea growing by blue streams.
byeongnak (碧落): the blue sky
byeongnyu (劈柳): to split willow branches
byeongnyeo (薜茘): ivy vine
byeongni (壁裡): inside the wall.
byeongnin (碧粼): blue ripples.
byeoksanjam (碧山岑): the peak of a blue mountain
byeoganhan (碧眼寒): the blue eyes are cold.
byeogunam (碧雲庵): a hermitage among blue clouds.
byeokchu (碧甃): a well built of blue bricks
beolli (藩籬): fence.
byeonjakhong (變作紅): it has changed and become red.
byeonji (胼胝): to develop calluses.
byeolmuta (別無他): nothing special.
byeoljeongyooe (別傳敎外): a teaching transmitted separately, outside the teachings.
byeoryeon (瞥然): in a moment.
byeong (迸): to spring up. To shoot up
byeongbal (瓶鉢): a water bottle and a rice bowl. A metaphor for monastic life.
byeongbyeok (洴澼): to wash cotton-padded clothes in water
byeongjeo (甁貯): to put in a bottle.
bo (補): to mend. To make up for.
bori (菩提): wisdom, enlightenment
bokgeo (卜居): the place where one lives
bokcheong (伏請): I humbly request, prostrating myself.
bollaesin (本來身): the body that was there from the beginning.
bonbiyu (本非有): it did not exist from the beginning.
bonyeon (本然): the essence. Refers to the mind.
bong (逢): to meet.
bongmakjeol (鋒莫折): cannot break the sharp edge.
bongman (峯巒): peaks.
bongmang (鋒鋩): the point and the edge of a sword.
bongmi (鳳尾) : a kind of banana plant. An evergreen. It blooms in summer. Its flowers are single and have no perianth (花被), so they are unattractive
bongbal (蓬勃): hair as disheveled as mugwort stalks.
bongbi (蜂沸): honeybees buzzing.
bongsan (蓬山): short for Bongnaesan. Refers to Geumgangsan.
bonghu (封侯): to be enfeoffed as a lord for services to the state.
bugeo (芙蕖): lotus flower.
budanmubi (不但無非): not only is there nothing wrong.
budok (不獨): not only because of –.
budok (不獨): not only –.
buri (鳧吏): one of the nine tribes of the Dongyi (東夷). Here it means our country
bumomisaengjeon (父母未生前): before one was born of one's parents.
bubi (腐婢): another name for red bean flowers
busang (扶桑): an imaginary mulberry tree said to stand in the land where the sun rises. Refers to the East Sea.
busaeng (浮生): this floating life
buam (傅嵒): the rock where Fu Yue (傅說), a chancellor of the Shang dynasty, lived in seclusion. Said to be east of Pinglu County (平陸縣), Shanxi (山西省).
buyeol (復裂): to split the divided roots again.
To earth up.
buun (浮雲): floating clouds
buik (傅翼): to put on wings
buin (負人): to betray others. To turn one's back on others.
bujang (拊掌): to clap one's hands.
bujang (不將): not to take it and –.
bujae (不在): not contained.
bujeong (不定): not fixed.
bujong (不種): not to plant.
bujonga (不種芽): a sprout that came up without being sown.
buji (不知): means "I am not sure, but it is probably so."
buchim (浮沉): to float and sink.
bupyeong (浮萍): duckweed. A floating plant that drifts on the water
buheo (浮虛): flighty and vain.
buhyu (浮休): to float and roam.
bungmangcheon (北邙阡): the road to Bukmangsan. Bukmangsan was a public cemetery of old. Means to die.
bugin (北人): a northerner. Refers to people from Seoul.
bun (紛): in disarray.
bungeun (分根): to divide the roots.
bullyeobyanggi (奮鬣揚鬐): shaking out whiskers and mane.
bullyun (紛綸) : tangled and in disarray
bunmu (氛霧): a misty air.
bunbyeok (粉壁): a white wall plastered with lime
bunbyeol (分別): dividing and taking sides.
bunbon (粉本): an underdrawing. A rough sketch
bunsehwa (分歲話): bunse is the moment when the old year and the new year divide. Refers to the words of good wishes exchanged in the middle of the night on New Year's Eve (除夕).
bunswaese (分瑣細) to divide into small bits. To put in a little of this and that
bunsu (分手): to part hands. To say farewell.
bunjap (焚雜): to burn sundry things.
bunjae (分裁): to weigh and decide
bunjeo (糞蛆): maggots in a dung bucket
bunjukjaesong (糞竹栽松): to fertilize the bamboo and plant pines.
bunchi (忿懥): anger and rage.
bunpa (奔波): to rush like waves.
bungpungchuu (崩風墜雨): a wind blowing as if to bring the world down, and falling rain.
bunhyang (焚香): to burn incense.
bul (拂): to brush past.
bulgak (不覺): not to realize. Not to know in time.
bulgak (不覺): without knowing it. Before one realizes.
bulgeo (拂去): to blow away.
bulgyeoksa (不擊蛇): does not strike and kill the snake.
bulgyeongwi (不見歸): not to see the return. Unable to go back.
bulgyeong (不勁): not strong.
bulgye (不計): not to count.
bulgwa (佛果): attaining Buddhahood as the fruit of practice.
bulgwan (不管): not to care
bulgwan (不關): not to care.
bulgoesim (不壞心): cannot break the mind
bulgu (不求): not to seek profit and fame.
bullyeom (不廉): not frugal. Extravagant.
bulbak (不博): not to bet. bak (博) means gambling.
bulbang (不妨): no hindrance. It does not matter
not to leave it be.
bulbangmyeon (不妨眠): does not disturb sleep
bulbul (拂拂): the wind blowing lightly now and then.
bulsa (不似): not alike. Different.
bulsangsa (不相赦): does not forgive. Means showing no mercy
bulseongmyeon (不成眠): cannot fall asleep.
bulsu (不須): need not ～.
bulsi (不是): is not -.
bulsiheo (不是虛): it is not empty.
bulsik (不識): I do not know.
bulsingnanwiae (不識蘭爲艾): failing to recognize the orchid and favoring only mugwort. Taken from the line in Qu Yuan's Li Sao (離騷): "Every household wears mugwort filling their waistbands and says the hidden orchid is not fit to wear (戶服艾以盈腰兮謂幽蘭其不可佩)". A metaphor for a world that does not recognize talent
bureon (不言): not to speak.
buryeo (不如): not as good as -. Interpreted by reading lines 3 and 4 together.
buryeobok (不如福): not as good as a lucky general (福將). A jijang (智將) is a general with strategy. A bokjang is a general with good luck
buryok (不欲): not wanting to do.
buriram (佛日庵): a hermitage that stood at Ssanggyesa in Jirisan. There are many legends of Goun Choe Chi-won.
buljo (佛祖): the Buddha.
bulji (不至): does not reach.
buljin (不盡): inexhaustible, stretching out endlessly.
bulcham (不斬): unless one cuts
bulcheol (不徹): the clouds do not clear. cheol (徹) means to pass through, to pierce.
bulchok (不觸): not to touch. Not to come into contact
bultal (不脫): not to take off.
bulpa (不波): no waves rise.
bulhalbang (不割肪): unable to cut even a lump of fat.
bulheo (不許): not to allow.
bungdu (棚頭): the stage of a puppet play.
bungtae (崩汰): collapsing into a landslide
bi (費): to spend. To waste.
bi (肥): to put on flesh.
bigeojeo (費居諸): an idiomatic expression meaning to waste the days and months.
bigwan (非關): unrelated.
bidan (鼻端): the tip of the nose.
bido (飛渡): to fly across
bideung (飛騰): to fly up.
biro (飛鷺): a flying heron.
biro (毘盧): the highest peak of Geumgangsan.
daecheonsegye (大千世界): a vast and boundless great world.
bibong (飛蓬): a clump of mugwort blown away by the wind
bibi (飛飛): fallen leaves blown by the wind
bibi (霏霏): rain drizzling down
bisangnyang (費商量): to pour one's thoughts into.
biseok (飛錫): seok (錫) is the seokjang (錫杖), the staff that monks carry. To fly the staff. To walk with a staff
bisi (非是): it is not that -.
bian (卑顔): a servile expression
biyeong (裨瀛): bihae (裨海). Another name for the South Sea
To laugh at. To laugh instead.
bijin (非眞); not true.
bicheom (飛檐): eaves as nimble as if flying.
bita (非他): it is nothing else
bihae (裨海): refers to an inland sea (內海)
bihwak (飛靃): hwak (靃) is the sound of a bird whooshing away
bin (頻): often. Frequently.
binbyeon (鬢邊): by the sidelocks.
binsim (貧甚): extremely poor.
binju (賓主): host and guest.
binhwan (頻喚): to call often.
binggeo (憑炬): relying on a torch
binggeo (憑渠): to lean on you.
binggun (憑君): leaning on you
binggeum (凭衾): to pull up the quilt
bingsi (憑恃): to lean on and trust
bingtan (氷炭): ice and charcoal. A relationship in which the two cannot tolerate each other

ㅅ (s)

sa (射): to shoot.
sa (瀉): to pour. To pour out.
sa (嗄): the voice goes husky. To become hoarse
sa (些): a particle. Such.
sa (似): seems -.
sa (謝): to decline. To cut off.
sagwan (邪觀): an improper method of contemplation
sagun (辭群): to part from the crowd.
sageum (似綿): like silk.
sagi (沙碕): a shore with a sandy beach.
sadeok (四德): the four virtues a person should have. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom (仁義禮智).
sado (斯道): the Way of Confucianism
sarae (謝來): to wither away. sa (謝) means to wither.
sarinjoik (蛇鱗蜩翼): a snake's scales and a cicada's wings. Something weak and easily broken.
sami (沙彌): a young monk who runs errands at a temple.
sase (斯世): this world.
sasaengnobyeong (死生老病): the four-part cycle of birth, aging, sickness, and death.
sajeon (斜展): to stretch out at a slant.
sajung (捨衆): to abandon the assembly. Means parting from the assembly by dying soon himself.
sangyeong (山徑): a mountain path.
sandong ( 山童): a child who runs errands in the mountains. Refers to a novice monk.
sanggamdeung (上龕燈): to place a lamp in the shrine niche
seopung (西風): autumn wind
sei (隨歲異): to differ from year to year.
sogap (梳匣): a comb case.
sik (息): to rest. To be calm
sadae (四大): the body.
saryun (絲綸): fishing line.
samyeongmanghyeong (捨命忘形): to give up one's life and forget form.
sabeomyeop (斜汎葉): leaves floating at a slant.
sasa (絲絲): means each strand of the weeping willow is like a hanging thread.
sasaengha (死生河): the river of life and death, where life and death part.
saswae (思殺): to contemplate deeply. swae (殺) adds emphasis.
saeol (槎蘖): the base of the stump left after felling a tree
saui (蓑衣): a straw raincoat worn to keep off the rain.
saiui (斯已矣): that is all
sajeong (砂錠): a lump of cinnabar.
sacheom (斜檐): slanting eaves.
sachul (瀉出): to pour out.
sachwi (斜吹): to blow at a slant.
sahun (斜曛): the slanting light of the setting sun.
sakgyo (索橋): a bridge woven of rope and hung in the air.
sakdu (索頭): the head of a rope. A halter.
sangmak (索寞): desolate.
sanda (山茶): camellia.
samtan (三彈): to shoot three times.
sangal (山葛): arrowroot growing in the mountains.
sangyeong (山經): a shortened form of Tao Yuanming's poem series "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas (讀山海經)"
sangok (山曲): a bend in the mountains.
sangu (山鳩): a wild dove.
sallae (算來): to reckon. To count.
salloe (山籟): the sound of wind rising in mountain valleys.
sansi (山市): the mountains and the marketplace.
sansimgol (酸沁骨): the sourness cuts to the bone.
sanyeon (潸然): tears flowing.
sanjin (散盡): to scatter without a trace.
sancho (酸楚): painful and hard.
sal (殺) is an auxiliary particle for emphasis. .
salmubang (殺無方): no direction at all. sal (殺) adds emphasis.
samganmong (三竿夢): not getting out of bed until the sun has risen three poles high. Means sleeping late. samgan (三竿) means the sun has risen to the height of three bamboo poles.
samgongja (三空字): means 'gong (空)' was used in every rhyme position at the end of lines 1, 2, and 4
samdo (三途): the three forms of existence that beings who committed evil deeds receive as karmic retribution. Also called samakchwi (三惡趣) or samakdo (三惡道). They are the path of fire (火途) of hell, where the body is burned by hot fire; the path of blood (血途) of animals (畜生), which devour one another; and the path of swords (刀途) of hungry ghosts (餓鬼), who are tormented with swords and clubs.
samsaeng (三生): the previous life (前生), the present life (今生), and the next life (後生). Or the three stages leading to Buddhahood (成佛) taught in the Huayan school: gyeonmunsaeng (見聞生), haehaengsaeng (解行生), and jeungipsaeng (證入生).
sameomok (森於目): the images reflected on the calm water fill the eyes.
samyeosang (森如霜): stern as frost.
samwan (三椀): three cups.
samjak (三爵): three cups.
samjeon (三錢): three pun. A trifling sum.
samje (三際): one year. From the Indian practice of dividing the year into three seasons: the hot season (熱時), the rainy season (雨時), and the cold season (寒時).
samcheokgang (三尺强): a little over three ja.
samcheon (三千): the three thousand worlds. The whole world.
samchoncheol (三寸鐵): a three-inch piece of iron. Refers to the seven treasures said to be held by the wheel-turning king. They can drive away all evil.
sap (澁): rough
sapgeuk (插棘): to plant thornbushes. Means making a fence of thornbushes so no one can come and go freely.
sang (爽): refreshing.
sanggae (常開): to always leave open.
sanggyo (常敎): to always make someone do.
sanggyocheo (相交處): the place where things cross each other.
sanggung (上穹): the sky.
sangduhongsuk (上頭紅熟): ripened red right up to the stem.
sangnyang (商量): weighing and considering
sangnyul (橡栗): acorn.
sangnim (霜林): a frost-struck forest.
sangnim (橡林): a sawtooth oak forest.
sangmasang (上馬桑): mulberry leaves carried along to feed the horses
sangmun (相問): to ask each other.
sangmisa (尙未賖): still far off yet.
sangbaehoe (尙徘徊): still lingering
sangbyeon (床邉): beside the bed.
sangsim (傷心); heartache.
sangae (常愛): to always love.
sangyeo (霜餘): after the frost
sangyeop (霜葉): frost-struck leaves.
sangwol (霜月): the moon risen in the frost. The autumn moon
saneun (山垠): the foot of a mountain.
sangui (相宜): suiting each other well
sangjapo (桑柘圃): a mulberry field
sangjang (常將): always about to –.
sangjang (相將): to bicker with each other.
sangjeon (霜前): before the frost falls.
sangcheon (上天): the sky.
sangcheon (霜天): frosty weather.
sangcheong (上淸): where the Jade Emperor dwells. Here, where the king is
sanghwa (霜華): dew flowers
sanghu (霜後): after the frost.
ssanggyeon (雙肩): both shoulders.
ssangcheon (雙穿): pierced in pairs.
saek (嗇): stingy.
saengnunang (塞漏囊): to fill a leaking pouch.
saekbulhamin (色不陷人): it is not women's beauty that makes a person fall
saeng (生): to sprout.
saenggeum (生擒): to capture alive.
saenggise (生氣勢): to stir up momentum
saengnoktae (生綠苔): green moss grows.
saengmyeol (生滅): being born and passing away. Birth and death. Refers to the four characteristics common to all conditioned dharmas (有爲法): arising (生) · abiding (住) · changing (異) · ceasing (滅), or arising (生) · abiding (住) · aging (老) · impermanence (無常).
saengnijok (生理足): one's livelihood is ample.
saengmingorak (生民苦樂): the pains and joys of the people's livelihoods
saengse (生世): to be born into the world.
saengae (生涯): the same meaning as livelihood.
saengwonnon (生員論): an essay by Gu Yanwu (顧炎武) of the early Qing (淸初) criticizing the abuses of the civil service examination system. Dasan praised "Shengyuan Lun" highly in other writings as well
saengjeung (生憎): hatred arises.
saengtae (生苔): moss sprouts.
seo (棲): a roost. A nest.
seoganchungbi (鼠肝蟲臂): a rat's liver and an insect's arm. A metaphor for something trivial and of no account
seogap (犀甲): refers to camellia leaves, which resemble the armor-like leaves of the osmanthus (木犀).
seogyeokdonggo (西擊東敲): striking to the west and knocking to the east.
seorang (西廊): another way of referring to Dasan Chodang. It stands across from Dasan Dongam, his residence.
seoraedeungiljeom (西來燈一點); the lamp of Seon that Bodhidharma lit when he came from the west.
seoraeui (西來意): the meaning of Bodhidharma's coming from the west.
seoraemyeonmok (西來面目): the meaning of Bodhidharma's coming from the west.
seoraejeonghabaek (西來庭下栢): from the allusion in which a monk asked Master Zhaozhou (趙州) the meaning of Bodhidharma's coming from the west, and he answered, "The cypress tree in front of the courtyard."
seori (鼠梨): wild pear
seobal (鋤拔): to pull out and get rid of
seosang (書牀): desk.
seosaek (曙色): the light of dawn
seoseol (瑞雪): auspicious snow.
seosin (栖神): to calmly set the mind down. seo (栖) means to nest.
seosin (書紳): to write a teaching on one's sash so as not to forget it and always remember it. To keep firmly in mind.
seosim (誓心): to vow in one's heart
seojang (西牆): the west wall.
seojangdae (西將臺): name of a command post that stood at Namhansanseong.
seojeok (逝迹): traces of what has passed. Old traces
seoje (鋤除): to weed out and remove.
seoje (噬臍): means a musk deer biting its own navel in regret when it is caught and killed
seojungdaesong (書中大訟): a major controversy in the old classics that remains unresolved.
seocheon (西天): the sky of the Western Regions.
seotap (書榻): desk
seopung (西風): autumn wind.
seohocheosa (西湖處士): refers to Lin Bu (林逋), who once lived by West Lake. Here it is used to mean a high-minded scholar living
in seclusion.
seohaeng (西行): a journey westward. Refers to the road to Seoul. Said because, for going up to the capital from Gyeongsang-do, the Joryeong route was faster and flatter than the Jungnyeong route or the Chupungnyeong route
seohaeng (徐行): to go slowly.
seokgam (石龕): a stone basin. A water jar.
seokgyeong (石徑): a stone path
seongnyeo (石女): a woman made of stone.
seokdan (石壇): an altar built of stone.
seokdan (石端) : the corner of a rock.
seongmun (石門): a place name near Gyuldong. Rocks stand on both sides like cliffs.
seoksang (石牀): stone steps
seoksang (石上): on the rock.
seokje (石梯): steps built of stone.
seokjo (夕照): evening sunlight.
seokhojeong (石湖亭): name of a pavilion owned by the Sin family at Dureung
seokhwa (石火): fire struck from a flint. A metaphor for a brief moment.
seokhwasi (惜花詩): a poem lamenting falling flowers.
seon (羨): to envy. To long for.
seon (鮮): vivid.
seongyeonggu (羨輕鷗)) : to envy the light gull. A poem by Du Fu has the line "I wish to befriend the gulls of the East Sea (願狎東海鷗)"
seongi (禪機): the subtle signs (機微) of Seon. Seon enlightenment.
seollu (禪樓): the upper floor of a temple
seollyu (禪流): the company of Seon monks.
seonseon (鮮鮮): fresh.
seonseon (旋旋): spinning round and round.
seonseong (繕性): to govern one's nature.
seonsok (善俗): good people and vulgar people.
seonyeon (嬋娟): fine and lovely.
seonwon (嬋媛): lovely and pretty
seonjeok (禪寂): meditating on nirvana (寂滅) and empty stillness (虛靜).
seonchang (禪窓): the window of a meditation hall.
seonhwa (仙花): a flower of the immortals.
seonhwa (禪和): a monk (和尙) who practices Seon (禪).
seolgwan (薛館): the guest house (客館) of Lord Xue (薛公), Lord Mengchang (孟嘗君) of the state of Qi in the Warring States period. Three thousand retainers competed to be put to use for their talents
seollu (雪樓): the pen name (號) of the mid-Ming writer Li Panlong (李攀龍). Said of how, in the late Ming, Yuan Hongdao, Xu Wei, and others fiercely opposed Li Panlong's literary doctrine of archaism and argued for expressing the emotions of xingling (性靈)
seolbal (雪髮): hair turned as white as if snow had fallen on it.
seoryeo (說與): to enlighten. To teach.
seoljunghwa (雪中花): a flower in the snow. Refers to the camellia.
seomgae (纖芥): a tiny burr. Petty faultfinding
seomdan (纖斷): to break off delicately.
seomseom (纖纖): slender and delicate
seopse (涉世): crossing through the world
seong (醒) : sobering up or waking from sleep
seonggae (星槩): the scene of the stars
seonggyeong (聖經): holy scriptures. Refers to the Buddhist sutras
seongdeukji (聖得知): to know cleverly.
seongnyu (聖流): the company of sages.
seongnyuhyeol (成淚血): tears flow as blood
seongmyeong (聖明): the king.
seongmuk (聲默): making sound and keeping silent.
seongmundong (聲聞洞): name of a valley below Jeongmyeoram (寂滅庵) in Geumgangsan, west of Baryeonsa (鉢淵寺). Its rocks are strange and its water clear, but there is no path in; a place of superb waters and rocks.
seongmunsoe (聖門衰): the learning of the sages declines.
seongbyeong (盛甁): to fill a water bottle. To put in.
seongsaek (聲色): sound and color. The phenomenal world.
seongsaengni (聲色裡): within sound and color.
seongsong (聲送): to send a sound.
seongyeosaek (聲與色): sound and color.
seongui (相依): to lean on each other.
seonghasa (成何事): what have I accomplished?
seonghyang (聲響): all kinds of sounds.
seonghyeonsa (成現事):things accomplished and visible
seonghoe (成灰): to turn to ashes.
se (貰): to rent out. To take in
segganin (世間人): people of the world.
seyeon (洗硯): to wash the inkstone.
sein (細人): a petty person. A small-minded person
sejuk (洗竹): to wash the bamboo.
sejin (洗盡) : to wash clean
secho (細草): tender grass
sehansong (歲寒松): a pine that does not lose its green even in the cold of winter
so (掃): to sweep. To sweep away. To clean
so (燒): to burn.
so (踈): sparse. To grow distant.
sogyeong (小逕): a narrow footpath
sogyeong (疎莖): sparse stems.
sogok (巢谷): a man of Meishan (眉山) in the Song dynasty. When Su Shi (蘇軾) and Su Zhe (蘇轍) were exiled, he went on foot to visit Su Zhe, and then died of illness on the way to Hainan (海南) to see Su Shi. A follower who shares one's aims
sodan (笑端): an object of ridicule.
sodampabyeok (消痰破癖): to dissolve phlegm and cure chronic ailments.
soro (小爐): a small brazier.
soryo (蕭寥): lonely and desolate
sorimsosik (少林消息): news of Shaolin. Refers to Bodhidharma's great enlightenment after seven years facing the wall at Shaolin Temple. Enlightenment
soma (消磨): to wear away
somae (小莓): strawberry.
somu (蘇武): under Emperor Wu of Han (漢武帝) he went as an envoy to the Xiongnu (匈奴), was detained, and for nineteen years lived in Xiongnu territory by milking goats. Despite every inducement, he never bent his integrity. After Emperor Zhao (昭帝) came to the throne and peace was made with the Xiongnu, he returned to Han with white hair
sobaegil (消白日): to spend the bright days
sobyeong (小缾): a small water jar. A vessel for holding water.
sosa (小師): a novice monk who runs errands
sosangok (小山曲): the song of Xiaoshan. A song by Liu An (劉安), Prince of Huainan (淮南王), a recluse of the Han (漢) dynasty. Xiaoshan was his courtesy name. A man who loved the arts of immortality (神仙術), kept company with fangshi (方士), and in the end cut his ties with the world and vanished.
soseongmun (小石門): a place name one comes to after passing Seokmun.
soso (眇小): very small. Insignificant
soso (昭昭): bright and clear. Bright.
soso (蕭蕭): rustling.
soso (迢迢): remote and far away.
soswae (瀟灑): neat and clean.
soswae (瀟洒): clear and clean.
soseul (蕭瑟): an autumn wind that is clear and lonely.
soan (笑顔): a smiling face.
soyeodang (小如棠): as small as a sweetbrier rose.
soyeon (蕭然): lonely. Secluded.
sohyeongwan (小絃管): a small flute or string instrument.
sowae (小娃): a young maidservant
soyo (逍遙): roaming back and forth.
soyo (消搖): to take a walk. The same as soyo (逍遙).
sou (疎雨): sparse rain.
sou (小雨): drizzle.
soungyeong (蘇雲卿): a man of the Song (宋) dynasty. He built a thatched hut and lived alone, wearing clothes of coarse hemp (褐布) and straw sandals, and made his living selling melons and straw sandals. When his childhood friend Zhang Jun (張浚) became chancellor and sent many gifts to invite him, he refused them and disappeared.
soong (邵雍): a Song-dynasty philosopher
soyun (小尹): refers to Yun Seo-yu. His father Yun Gong-taek was regarded as Daeyun (大尹).
soui (笑倚): to lean, smiling.
soindo (少人到): no one comes
sojang (少壯): the young, vigorous years
sojeong (笑整): to tidy up, smiling
sojo (小竈): a small cooking hearth.
sojo (蕭條): desolate
sojuseon (小住仙): an immortal who lives for a while in the human world
soji (掃地): to sweep the ground.
sojibunhyang (掃地焚香): to sweep the ground and burn incense.
sota (笑他): to laugh at him.
sohan (蕭閒): quietly at leisure.
soheo (巢許): recluses of antiquity. When Emperor Yao tried to hand the realm over to Xu You, Xu You washed his ears, saying he had heard filthy words. His friend Chaofu said he could not let his ox drink the water used to wash those ears, and led his ox upstream to drink
sohwal (疏豁): sparse and wide open.
sonsin (損神): the heart is hurt. To feel empty. To damage the spirit.
song (誦): to recite.
songgwan (松關): a pine brushwood gate.
songgyun (松筠): pine and bamboo.
songdang (松堂): a house in the mountains surrounded by pines
songna (松蘿): a pine draped with vines (女蘿)
songnoe (松籟): the sound of wind passing between pine branches
songmyeong (松鳴): the pine makes a crying sound in the wind.
songmok (送目): to send one's gaze.
songbulseong (頌佛聲): the sound of a Buddhist service praising the Buddha.
songbi (松扉): a pine gate. The entrance of a temple.
songja (松子): pinecone.
songchang (松牕): a pine window.
swaeseo (曬書): airing books out in the sun.
swaese (瑣細): petty and insignificant
swaeil (曬日): the day books are taken out and dried in the sun
swaehaek (鎩翮): to cut the quills. The quills are the strong feathers at the base of a bird's plumage. If they are cut, the bird cannot fly
soedun (衰鈍): weak and sluggish.
soean (衰顔): a gaunt face.
soeyong (衰慵): growing old and lazy.
soejil (衰疾): to weaken and fall ill.
soehu (衰朽): to grow old and decrepit.
su (數): to count. To count on one's fingers.
su (殊) : different. To differ
su (鬚): beard.
su (垂): bunches of grapes hanging down
su (須): must.
sugak (收却): to gather in.
sugak (數刻): a short while..
sugyeong (數莖): a few strands
sugye (垂誡): an admonition bestowed.
sugongjannap (瘦筇殘衲): a staff of dried bamboo and a robe worn to tatters
sugu (水漚): a bubble.
sugeung (誰肯): who would be glad of it?
sugiji (睡起遲): waking and getting up is late
sudo (誰道): who is speaking?
sudeuksang (誰得詳): who could get the details? Means there is no one who can know it in detail.
sura (垂蘿): pine vines hanging down.
sumyeongyo (水面交): crossing on the surface of the water.
sumun (水紋): ripple patterns
sumi (水湄): the water's edge.
sumi (須彌): name of the mountain the ancient Indians imagined rising at the center of the world.
sumiche (首尾體): a poem whose first and eighth lines have identical wording.
subal (水髮): seaweed as fine as hair. Maesaengi or green laver.
subong (受棒): to receive the club. The hammer strikes the bell.
subungae (隨分開): blooming according to its lot
subul (竪拂): to shake carelessly.
subullyu (誰不有): who would not have it?
susa (輸寫): to transcribe. To copy
susanggu (水上漚): foam on the water. A bubble.
suseon (雖善): even if done well.
suse (守歲): staying up through the night on New Year's Eve to greet the new year.
susi (須是): must.
suyang (隋煬): Emperor Yang of Sui. He first introduced the civil service examination system
suyeo (睡餘): waking from sleep.
suyeo (須如): must be like –.
suyeogong (誰與共): with whom do you live?
suyeom (鬚髥): beard and sideburns.
suyeomnyang (殊炎涼): the warmth and coolness have changed. Means the master's power is not what it used to be
suu (須友): to wait for a friend.
suunjongjeok (水雲蹤跡) the traces of wandering like water or clouds, never staying in one place
suunhyang (水雲鄕): a place where water and clouds mingle. Refers to a place of beautiful scenery where recluses live hidden away.
suwi (遂爲): finally becomes ～.
suui (須宜): it is only right to –.
sui (獸耳): animal ears. Holes that stick up like animal ears at the top of a brazier to let air through.
sujan (雖殘): although there is none.
sujeopcheon (水接天): the horizon meets the sky. The water has no end.
sujeonggung (水晶宮): a palace made of crystal
sujung (數重): several layers.
sujungwol (水中月): the moon floating in the water.
suji (須知): must know.
sujing (水澄): the water is pure. Clear water.
sucheo (隨處): depending on the place. Everywhere one goes.
suchong (數樷): a few clusters.
suchwi (手取): to draw it oneself.
suhae (誰解): who would understand?
suhwan (須還): must return.
suhyu (數畦): a few furrowed ridges of field.
suk (倏): quickly, in a moment.
suk (宿): to sleep.
sungneunggong (孰能空): who could be without it?
sugun (宿雲): lingering clouds.
sugyeon (倏然): out of nowhere. Swift.
sukjo (宿鳥): a bird that was sleeping.
sukhwa (宿火): last night's remaining embers
sukhol (焂忽): suddenly. Out of nowhere
sungyeong (順境): favorable circumstances.
sunmo (淳母): a delicious food, one of the eight delicacies (八珍味)
sunmok (瞬目): to squint and blink. Winking on the sly.
sunsu (順手): following the hand.
sunsu (順受): to accept things as they come
suncho (唇焦): the lips burn
seumnae (拾來): to pick up and bring.
seupseok (拾石): to pick up stones.
seupseup (熠熠): glittering.
seupcheol (拾掇): to pick up. Bit by bit.
seung (勝): better.
seung (乘): to seize an opening.
seunggeo (僧居): a monk's dwelling
crescent moon. Means the moonlight is shaped like a fishhook.
seungbang (僧房): a room where monks live.
seungbumi (蠅附尾): a fly clinging to the tail of a thousand-li horse
seungjanghyeol (承漿穴): originally an acupoint of the human body between the lower lip and the chin, which works to cool and bring down bodily fluids. Here it is used to mean a hole that catches clear water from a crevice in the rock.
seunghwonbi (勝喧卑): better than the noisy low ground below the mountain.
seunghoeeo (承誨語): to respectfully receive words of teaching
si (時): now and then.
si (視): to glance
sigwon (詩卷): a scroll of poems
sirae (時來): to come now and then.
simun (試問): to ask by way of a test.
simun (柴門): a brushwood gate.
sibang (十方): the whole world, all of heaven and earth.
sibu (時復): now and then again. From time to time.
sibidan (是非端): the source of disputes over right and wrong.
sisang (市上): over the marketplace.
sisong (時送): to send now and then
sisu (時隨): to follow from time to time.
sisi (時時): from time to time. Whenever there is a spare moment.
sijung (時中): suited to the circumstances of each moment.
siji (始知): to know at last.
siyeo (時與): at times together with
siyeongmu (是亦無): there is no right either.
siyu (時有): now and then there is –. Heard now and then.
siyubeom (時有帆): now and then there is a sailboat.
siin (時人): people of today. People living together in the same era.
sijeoncha (始展茶): the tea unfurls new leaves for the first time.
sijingong (始眞空): only then can it be called true emptiness.
sijeuk (是卽): this is precisely.
sicheong (視聽) to look in passing and hear in passing
sichunui (試春衣): to try on spring clothes.
sik (拭): to wipe.
sikgong (植笻): to plant one's staff in the ground and rest
sikdeuk (識得): understood.
sikjang (植杖): to stand one's staff upright.
sinsang (神象): the elephant that carries the Buddha.
sinsu (新鱐): fish that has just begun to be dried
sin (矧): let alone.
singak (伸脚): to stretch out one's legs.
singi (神氣): the energy of the spirit.
sinbo (新補): to mend anew.
sinbong (新封): to plant anew. bong (封) means to cultivate,
sinsuk (信宿): to stay two nights.
sinsun (新筍): new bamboo shoots.
sina (新芽): a new sprout.
sinoe (身外): apart from the body.
sinjong (新種): to sow anew.
sinjungju (身中主): the master within the body.
sinchak (新鑿): to dig anew.
sincheong (新晴): the weather newly clearing.
sinhun (新薰): a Buddhist term. Here it means cutting off new encounters.
sinhui (晨曦): dawn sunlight.
sildang (失當): to lose what is proper. A complete mess
silsang (實相): the essence (本體) or suchness (眞如). The true aspect (眞相) of all existence (萬有), apart from the aspect (相) of impermanence (無常). The original truth that is the content of enlightenment. Also called iryeo (一如) · silseong (實性) · muwi (無爲) · nirvana (涅槃). In the Seon school it refers to one's original true face
siljibin (實之賓): a guest of reality.
sim (尋): to seek.
sim (葚): mulberry. The fruit of the mulberry tree
sim (甚): extremely.
simgyeoncheolseok (心堅鐵石): a heart as firm as iron or stone.
simgok (心曲): disposition.
simgong (心空): the mind empty, with nothing in it
simdu (心頭): the folds of the heart.
simnang (深浪): deep waves.
simmokbangsang (深目方顙): deep-set eyes and a square forehead.
simmujeok (尋無迹): searching, but there is no trace. Since it is a piece written for Wonsujwa of Mujeokdang, it carries a double meaning of mujeok (無迹).
simmun (心聞): to hear the voice of the mind
simmipyeonjo (心迷便阻): when the mind is deluded, the way is suddenly blocked. jo (阻) means rugged, blocked.
simbeop (心法): the dharma of the mind.
simmyo (尋苗): to look for sprouts.
simbul (心佛): the Buddha inherent in the mind. The mind-Buddha. Also used to mean that the mind itself is the Buddha.
simsa (尋師): to seek a teacher.
simsanbangsu (尋山訪水): to seek out mountains and visit waters.
simsang (尋常): an ordinary matter. Everyday life.
simswae (深鎻): to be shut deep.
siman (心安): the mind is at ease.
simoebeop (心外法): the dharma outside the mind.
simoebin (心外賓): a guest outside the mind.
simyoguan (心要求安): to wish to seek ease in the mind.
simyogyeol (心欲裂): the heart is about to tear.
simu (尋牛): to look for the ox. Looking for the ox is used to mean seeking the Way (求道)
simyu (深猷): a deep scheme
simjeukbul (心卽佛): the mind is the Buddha
simjin (尋眞): to seek the truth or a true person (眞人).
simji (心地): the mind.
simji (深知): to know deeply. To know very well.
simpo (深包); to hold deep within.
simpohwa (深包火): to hold the heat of fire deep within.
simhae (心海): the sea of the mind.
sipbun (十分): all.
sibigak (十二覺): means the character gak (覺) appears as many as twelve times among the twenty characters of the poem.
sipjaga (十字街): streets running crosswise and lengthwise.

ㅇ (vowel)

agangmul (我强物): I force myself upon external things.
ado (鴉塗): smearing ink
arang (兒郞): a polite way of referring to another person's child.
aman (我慢): self-attachment and arrogance.
ami (蛾眉): eyebrows shaped like silkworms. A beauty; here it refers to the rose flower
amisando ((峨眉山圖) : the allusion in which Su Dongpo, while living in exile in Huzhou (湖州), found that Mount Emei (峨眉山) in Jia County (郟縣), Henan, resembled Mount Emei in his home region of Shu (蜀), so he named it Little Emei and painted that Emei to ease his longing for home. Even today the Three Su Shrine (三蘇祠) stands on the mountain.
asaengnakji (我生落地): I am born and fall to the ground.
aseonin (我善人): I treat others well.
ason (兒孫): an expression referring to all monks of later generations.
aya (阿爺): father. Here also used to mean one's original face.
ayeon (俄然): suddenly, out of nowhere.
aeon (雅言): correct speech.
aong (阿翁): grandfather
aguiaksik (惡衣惡食): coarse clothes and rough food.
akcho (惡草): bad grass. Weeds.
angeo (安居): a retreat in which ordained monks stay in one place for a set period in summer and winter to practice.
andayuk (眼多肉): lacking discernment and failing to recognize something
andomuan (安到無安): ease arrives at unease.
andu (安頭): to rest the head. an (安) means to place, to set down.
anmaenggye (安萌戒): a warning that one should keep the new sprouts at ease.
anbyeon (岸邊): by the bank.
ansa (安辭): how could I decline?
ansap (安揷): to seat it and stick it in.
ansincheo (安身處): the place where one laid one's body to rest.
ansim (安心): to set the mind down.
anogeon (岸烏巾): to wear a black headcloth (烏巾)
anyang (安養): easing the mind and resting the body.
anju (眼珠): the pupil. The eyeball
anjeo (眼底): below the eyes.
ancheon (眼穿): to stare until one's eyes fall out
anho (雁戶): a person who wanders with no fixed abode.
am (闇): dark
amgak (巖角): the corner of a rock.
amdong (巖洞): rocks and valleys.
amban (嵓畔): around the rock
ambyeok (巖僻): a rock face in a secluded spot
ambugwang (暗復光): to grow dark and then bright again.
ambi (岩扉): a house with a door fixed to a rock. Means a humble dwelling.
amsil (暗室): a pitch-dark room. Means being sunk in delusion.
ama (巖阿): a rocky slope.
amcheon (巖泉) : a spring welling up from a crack in the rock.
amhyang (暗香): a subtle fragrance
ap (壓): to press. Here, to look down over. Means it screens off the sunlight.
angmang (坱漭): endlessly vast
angmyodang (仰廟堂): to look up to the myodang. To look toward the court.
aesal (愛殺): so very lovely.
aeyeosang (皚如霜): white as frost.
aeyeon (藹然): thickly hazy.
aein (愛人): to love others.
aejeung (愛憎): love and hatred
aenggyeong (罌頸): the neck of a liquor bottle.
aenghwa (櫻花): cherry blossoms.
yaguk (野菊): wild chrysanthemum.
yagyo (野郊): the outskirts.
yadang (夜塘): a pond at night.
yado (野稻): rice in the fields.
yamok (野鶩): wild duck.
yaya (野野): every field.
yau (野牛): a wild ox. An untamed ox.
yajak (野彴): a single-log bridge in the fields.
yajeok (夜笛): the sound of a flute at night.
yajeopchonbong (野蝶村蜂): butterflies of the fields and bees of the village.
yachae (野菜): vegetables that grow in the fields. Here it refers to bracken.
yak (若): if it seems that -.
yak (若): if.
yakgaeng (若更): if again.
yakgyeong (若鏡): like a mirror.
yangnyeong (弱齡): the age of twenty
yangni (藥裏): within the herb garden.
yakdeuk (若得): if one gets it.
yangmun (若問): if one asks.
yaksa (若使): if one makes ～ do ～
yakji (若知): if one wants to know
yakcho (藥欄): the fence of an herb garden.
yakpo (藥圃): a field planted with medicinal herbs.
yanggae (兩箇): two of them.
yangnaejo (陽來弔): the sun comes to pay its condolences.
yangmi (揚眉): to raise one's eyebrows. Showing high spirits.
yangsachu (凉似秋): cool as autumn.
yangju (兩株): two trees.
yangneung (若能): if one can
yakpo (藥圃): a field where medicinal herbs are planted and grown
yakche (藥砌): stone steps with medicinal herbs planted beside them
yanggo (羊羖): a young lamb
yangan (兩岸): both banks.
yangyang (兩兩): flying paired off two by two.
yangyeom (養恬): to cultivate tranquility. geukjunggu (隙中駒): seeing a colt run past through a crack in the door. A metaphor for the swiftness of time. Appears in "Zhi Bei You (知北遊)" of Zhuangzi.
yangwangbulgye (梁王不契): not in accord with the King of Liang. Said of how Bodhidharma came over to China and met Emperor Wu of Liang but was not of one mind with him, so he went into the stone chamber of Shaolin Temple on Mount Song and practiced facing a wall for nine years. bulgye (不契) means being at odds because minds do not meet.
yangwon (梁園): name of a garden built by King Xiao of Liang (梁孝王). The celebrated Sima Xiangru (司馬相如) once stayed there for several years as a guest along with Zou Yang (鄒陽), Mei Sheng (枚乘), Master Zhuang Ji (莊忌夫子), and others, and composed and presented the "Rhapsody of Sir Vacuous (子虛賦)".
yangjeong (兩庭): two courtyards.
eo (飫): to eat one's fill.
eogyeong (魚鯁): a fish bone
eono (魚魯): telling eo (魚) and no (魯) apart. Said because the characters look alike and children often confuse them.
eoman (魚蠻): a derogatory term for fishermen.
eomok (魚目): a fish's eyeball. Used to mean something that looks like a pearl but is fake
eomyo (魚苗): fry. Refers to baby fish
eobungja (漁棚子): a fishing boat with a mat awning [棚子] in the middle that can block the sun. yosi (繞匙): to get tangled on the spoon.
eoeoruru (圉圉纍纍): stifled and weary.
eoyeom (魚鹽): fish and salt
eoong (漁翁): fisherman.
eojeung (漁罾): a fishing net.
eohu (魚喉): a fish's mouth.
eogwonin (憶遠人): to think of someone far away. Refers to his wife.
eonu (齴齲): laughing with teeth (齴) bared and grimacing from a toothache (齲). Somehow or other, with difficulty.
eonjabi (言者非): the speaker's fault.
eonjik (言直): plain-spoken.
eomgwan (掩關): to bolt the latch shut. To close the brushwood gate
eomnyu (淹留): to stay long. Here it means simply making this place one's temporary dwelling
eommun (掩門): to close and bar the gate.
eomeok (掩抑): to shrink back.
yeo (如): just like –. If it seems that –.
yeo (茹): to eat. Here it means to read through
yeose (如洗): as if washed.
yeodongnin (與同鄰): to become neighbors together.
yeomadong (呂馬童): when Xiang Yu (項羽) was defeated and was about to cross the Wu River (烏江), his old friend Lü Matong (呂馬童) told Wang Yi (王翳) that the man over there was Xiang Yu, and Xiang Yu, driven into a corner, ended up killing himself
yeomul (餘物): leftover things. Spare things
yeobak (旅泊): to stay as a traveler.
yeosonggwawae (呂宋瓜哇): yeosong (呂宋) refers to the island of Luzon in the northern Philippines, and gwawae to the island of Java in Indonesia
yeosi (如是): to do it like this.
yeoyu (如有): there seems to be.
yeoeup (如泣): as if weeping.
yeoi (如夷): like level ground. Means it is nothing at all
yeoin (厲人): a leper. A person with leprosy.
yeojeong (旅情): a traveler's feelings.
yeojo (汝曹): all of you.
yeopunggwa (如風過): like the wind passing.
yeoha (如何): the same as yakha (若何). What is to be done?
yeohok (如或): if perhaps –
yeokdong (易東): the Book of Changes going east.
yeongnak (歷落): lonely and desolate
yeongmak (帟幕): tent
yeongmyeong (力命): strength and fate. Means that ability and fate do not necessarily coincide
yeongmigam (亦未堪): also not enough.
yeoksu (歷數): to count up one by one
yeokhan (亦恨): also regrets it.
yeon (妍): fine. Pretty.
yeongwang (年光): time, the years.
yeongeo (憐渠): I pity you.
yeondan (蓮壇): the dais of a lotus pedestal (蓮花臺).
yeondo (鉛刀): a knife made of lead. It is soft and good for nothing.
yeonmyeongja (淵明子): Tao Yuanming's sons. Said of the line in his poem "Reproaching My Sons (責子)", where he says his five sons all dislike study: "Tong (通) is already nine years old, yet he only goes looking for pears and chestnuts (通子垂九齡但覓梨與栗)"
yeonsa (蓮寺): Baengnyeonsa.
yeonyakga (煉藥家): a house where elixirs (丹藥) are refined (煉造).
yeonwangu (燕婉求): seeking a fine spouse. yeonwan means soft and beautiful.
yeonja (燕子) : swallow
yeonja (蓮子): lotus seeds.
yeonjaru (燕子樓): a pavilion that stood in Suncheon-bu, Jeolla-do
yeonjeo (烟渚): a misty shore
yeontong (連筒): bringing water by connecting bamboo pipes. A pipe made by joining bamboo stems end to end.
yeokdong (易東): the Book of Changes going east.
yeonpung (年豊): a bumper harvest for the year.
yeonha (烟霞): mist and sunset glow.
yeonhwapung (楝花風): the wind that blows around the time the chinaberry tree blooms. The flower-heralding wind (花信風) of late spring.
yeolmok (悅目): pleasing to others' eyes and ears
yeolse (閱世): to go through the world.
yeoru (熱友): a friend who is doing well. A friend in a high position
yeoryu (悅愉): delighted
yeolpae (洌浿): the Yeolsu and the Paesu. The Han River and the Daedong River. Means our country.
yeolpye (熱肺): a burning heart. Loyalty and passion
yeombul (念佛): a universal Buddhist practice of calling the Buddha's name while picturing the Buddha's marks (相好). A practice of reciting the Buddha's name with a single pure mind, gathering countless realms into one and turning countless thoughts into a single thought, and keeping it going.
yeombuldamhyeon (念佛談玄): reciting the Buddha's name and exchanging profound talk (玄談).
yeomyeom (冉冉): luxuriantly overgrown
yeomyeom (艶艶): fine and lovely.
yeomyeom (焰焰): a blade flashing like a flame.
yeomja (簾子): a bead curtain. A blind.
yeomjeon (簾前): before the bead curtain.
yeomcheon (炎天): scorching heat.
yeomchu (拈搥): to grab and throw.
yeomtaetang (豔駘蕩): beautiful and pleasant to hear.
yeomhwailmaek (拈花一脉): the lineage of the Seon school handed down from the holding up of a flower before the assembly (拈花示衆).
yeong (映): to reflect.
yeong (令): to cause to –.
yeonggyoga (影交加): the shadows are entangled with each other.
yeongdeuk (贏得): to gain plenty
yeongnyeong (靈靈): numinous.
yeongnong (玲瓏): brightly dappled.
yeongbulso (永不消): never fades away.
yeongseong (獰性): a fierce nature.
yeongso (營巢): to build a nest.
yeongyeong (榮榮): lush
yeongyok (榮辱): honor and disgrace.
yeongyumu (影有無): is there a shadow or not?
yeongun (嶺雲): a cloud sitting astride the ridge.
yeongjamui (靈潜意): a meaning held numinously within. Here it is used as a double meaning together with the name of the monk Jisu Yeongjam.
yeongju (靈珠): a numinous pearl. A metaphor for enlightenment
yeongchwe (榮悴): flowers blooming and withering.
yeonghae (瀛海): the sea of Yingzhou (瀛洲). Refers to the southern sea.
yeonghoe (縈廻): winding round and round
yesang (霓裳): a skirt woven of rainbow thread.
ogyeong (五更): between 1 and 3 a.m.
ogyeong (五㪅): around daybreak. Between 3 and 5 a.m.
ogo (五敲): the bell rung at the fifth watch
ogo (烏䇢): another name for black bamboo (烏竹).
onoe (懊惱): suffering and anguish.
odang (吾堂): my house.
odeung (烏藤): a dark wisteria walking stick
oban (午飯): to eat at the hour of o (午時). The hour of o is from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
omang (傲妄): arrogant and foolish.
omong (午夢): a midday dream.
omul (傲物): an arrogant thing. Refers to a rock.
osu (午睡): a nap.
oyeop (午饁): a midday meal eaten out in the fields
oonsan (五蘊山): on (蘊) refers to what has accumulated and piled up, and the five aggregates are form (色) · sensation (受) · perception (想) · volition (行) · consciousness (識). The mountain of the five aggregates refers to the entire phenomenal world.
oip (誤入): to come in by mistake.
ojeongson (五鼎飡): from ancient rites in which a grand master offered five kinds of food, such as lamb, pork, and fish, in five cauldrons. Later used as a metaphor for the luxurious life of people of noble rank.
ochojaeng (吳楚爭): means that, just as the states of Wu and Chu were always squabbling, the tug-of-war between the mulberry trying to live and the young servant trying to get rid of it was no longer needed
okgak (玉殼): a jade-colored shell. A chestnut shell
okgwan (玉關): Yumen Pass (玉門關), the gateway on the frontier
ongnyang (屋梁): the main beam.
ongnyeo (屋梠): the purlin that supports the beams.
ogan (玉案): a jade tray. A gift the king bestowed on a subject as a token of trust
ogyang (沃壤): fertile land.
ogu (玉宇): the sky. In general, refers to a splendid palace hall.
ogeum (沃陰): fertile shade.
okjeong (玉井): a jade well. Refers to a well springing from a crack in the rock.
okchi (玉齒): jade-like teeth. Here, a beautiful sound.
ongsaek (擁塞): stiflingly blocked
wa (蛙): frog.
wagiji (臥起遲): late in lying down to sleep and getting up.
wasa (䵷蛇): frogs and snakes
wacheong (臥聽): to listen lying down
wan (涴): to soil. To become soiled
wanbo (緩步): to walk slowly.
wansugansan (翫水看山): to enjoy the waters and view the mountains.
wanyeo (宛如): exactly the same. wangyeon (汪然): abundant
wangoksan (王屋山): name of a mountain in Yangcheng (陽城), Shanxi (山西省). Named because its three layers of peaks look like a house. Since the Yellow Emperor (黃帝) is said to have come to this mountain to ask about the Way, it is used to mean a place for cultivating the Way.
wangjeoksik (王跡息): the traces of the righteous king are cut off.
wanghakdongpa (枉學東坡): to learn from Su Dongpo the wrong way. Su Dongpo once said in the preface to his poem "Watching Go (觀棋)": "I have never known how to play go. Once, while wandering alone at the White Crane Temple (白鶴觀) on Mount Lu (廬山), I heard the sound of a game of go by the water flowing beneath the old pines (古松). In my heart I was very glad."
wanghwan (往還): coming and going. Traffic back and forth
oe (猥): presumptuous.
oeingyu (外人窺): outsiders peek in.
waecheom (矮簷): low eaves.
yo (徼): to welcome.
yo (繞): to wrap around. To surround.
yo (遙): far off, remotely.
yo (澆): to water.
yo (饒): ample. Abundant.
yogi (療飢): to appease hunger.
yona (裊娜) : coquettishly lovely
yodal (了達): to attain enlightenment.
yodeuk (了得): to realize.
yoryo (了了): clear and distinct.
yoban (撓絆): the source text writes it as hyo (曉), but from the context I took it as a miswriting of yo (撓), meaning to bend and break. This is because ban (絆) means to bind, so it does not include the sense of breaking
yoeok (遙憶): to think of from afar.
yoyeon (了然): to realize.
yoyo (搖搖): swaying in the wind
yoyo (寥寥): desolate.
yoji (遙知): to know from afar.
yoji (要知): one must know.
yoji (了知): to realize and know
yocheom (遶檐): around the eaves.
yotagae (要打開): to try to break through.
yotagae (要打開): to try to break through.
yohan (寥閒): lonely and idle.
yohwak (寥廓) : remote and empty
yokgye (慾界): a world steeped in desire
yongmyeon (欲免): to wish to escape.
yokbu (浴鳧): a diving duck
yokseol (欲說): to want to try saying it.
yongnyeol (欲裂): about to tear.
yong (容): to tolerate. To accept
yongseong (蓉城): short for 芙蓉城. Another name for Chengdu (成都), Sichuan. It became Chengdu's alias after Meng Chang (孟昶) of the Later Shu (後蜀) in the Five Dynasties (五代) period, who loved the cotton rose, had all the people plant cotton roses.
yonga (龍兒): dragon.
yongyong (溶溶): clouds billowing up abundantly
yongu (憃愚): a fool, an idiot. Foolish and mediocre
yongeumhoso (龍吟虎嘯): the dragon chants and the tiger whistles.
yongjong (龍鍾): shabby, having lost all vigor.
yongchak (用鑿): to bore through.
yongcheo (用處): a place to use it.
yongcheon (龍泉): name of a famous ancient sword. Here it means a good sword.
yonghyeol (龍穴): the site near Mongni (牧里), Gangjin, where Yonghyeoram stood, where National Preceptor Cheonchaek stayed in the Goryeo period.
yonghon (庸昏): mediocre and foolish
ugam (芋坎): a pit planted with taro.
ugaek (羽客): an immortal.
ugorae (雨故來): the rain falls on purpose.
udong (郵僮): a servant who leads the post horses (驛馬)
urong (愚聾): a fool and a deaf man.
usan (牛山): the allusion in which Duke Jing of Qi (齊景公) in the Spring and Autumn period climbed Niushan (牛山) for pleasure, looked down north at the capital (國城), and wept, saying, "How can I die and leave behind these beautiful mountains and rivers?", whereupon everyone present wet their collars with tears. Used to mean the sorrow that arises over the transience of life.
usan (虞山): refers to Qian Qianyi (錢謙益) of the Qing dynasty. Skilled in poetry, he compiled Liechao Shiji (列朝詩集. He left remarks expressing his disgust at Chen Jiru's literary achievements.
useong (牛性): the nature of an ox.
usoso (雨蕭蕭): the rain drizzles down.
usu (雨垂): the rain falls.
usu (雨收): the rain stops.
useuljudongje (竽瑟奏東齊): to go to Eastern Qi (東齊) and play the yuse (竽瑟). The yuse is an ensemble of string and wind instruments, but in Linzi (臨緇) of Qi it was music that everyone knew so well that people found it tiresome to hear; so the phrase means that even outstanding talent loses its luster if one does not choose the right place.
usim (牛心): an ox's heart. Its shape and color recall a ripe persimmon.
uyeo (雨餘): after the rain.
uyeo (紆餘): outstanding in talent and expansive in writing. Continuing without a break
uyu (迂儒): a scholar ignorant of the ways of the world
uyu (牛乳): a kind of banana plant. uyucho (牛乳蕉). Its egg-sized fruits are shaped like a cow's teats.
ujeon (雨前): tea from new leaves that sprouted before Gogu (Grain Rain).
ujae (偶載): to load by chance.
uha (愚下): the same as hau. A foolish person of low standing.
uheol (雨歇): the rain stops.
uhyeol (禹穴): the place where Emperor Yu was born and buried. Said to lie below Jiulong Mountain (九龍山), Beichuan County (北川縣), Sichuan.
ukgyeong (燠卿): a distant relative on Dasan's maternal side, from Haenam. He was the sixth-generation descendant of Yun Seon-do and the grandson of Yun Deok-hui (尹德熙). He was the elder brother of Yun Ji-ik (尹持翼), but his name is unknown.
undan (雲端): the edge of the clouds.
unnyeom (雲斂): the clouds clear
unmun (雲門): name of a mountain south of Shaoxing (紹興), Zhejiang (浙江省), China. Means a famous mountain
unbyeon (雲邊) : the edge of the clouds. The far side, far away.
unbong (雲封): shrouded in clouds. bong (封) means sealing off.
unswae (雲鎖): shrouded in clouds.
unsu (雲樹): a forest shrouded in cloud and mist
unjak (雲作): the clouds make –.
unchang (雲牕): a window shrouded in clouds.
unha (雲霞): inside the clouds .
won (圓): well-rounded.
wollak (院落): a fence. Here it refers to the courtyard of a temple. A courtyard.
wonseo (袁徐): the late Ming writers Yuan Hongdao (袁宏道) and Xu Wei (徐渭)
wonseolseokjo (園設石槽): placing a stone trough in the garden.
wonjeogil (圓寂日): perfectly entering quiescence
(入寂). An expression for the death of a monk
wonjeong (園丁); a garden keeper.
wontong (圓通): perfectly harmonious (圓融) and unobstructed
in manner.
wolgoman (粤姑灣): the old name of Gangjin Bay.
woryeogu (月如鉤): the moon is shaped like a hook.
woryeosim (月如心): the moonlight is like the mind.
woryeon (越鷰): a swallow from south of the river. A swallow that came from the state of Yue.
woreunbong (月隱峯): the moon has hidden behind the mountain
wolchang (月窓): a window the moonlight shines into.
wolchulsan (月出山): name of a mountain in South Jeolla
wolham (月檻): a railing lit by moonlight.
wolhyo (月皛): the moonlight is bright.
wi (委): to entrust.
wi (慰): to console.
wiga (危假): perilous and false.
wiryeon (爲憐): to regard fondly.
wibo (爲報): to let someone know, for their sake.
wiseok (爲惜): to regret.
wisil (爲室): to make it one's house.
wieumnaban (威音那畔): the age of Wieumwang (威音王) Tathāgata, the Buddha who first appeared in the remote primordial empty eon (空劫) and attained unsurpassed (成就无上) perfect enlightenment (正等正觉). naban (那畔) is the same as nabian (那邊) in vernacular Chinese. That side, that age.
wijip (蝟集): to gather together. wi (蝟) is a hedgehog. Gathered as densely as a hedgehog's spines.
wihyeongyeok (爲形役): to be put to work by form. Words Tao Yuanming wrote in Guiqulai Ci
yu (濡): to get wet. To wet.
yu (猶): rather. On the contrary, still, yet
yu (由): to result from.
yugyeon (惟見): only seen.
yugyeong (猶輕): rather light.
yugwanui (流觀意): the intent of gazing. Line 8 of poem no. 1 of Tao Yuanming's "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas (讀山海經)" reads, 'I gaze over the pictures of the Classic of Mountains and Seas (流觀山海圖)".
yugwang (流光): moonlight.
yugoe (楡槐): elm and pagoda tree
yudok (幽獨): living hidden and alone in a remote place. Here it means thinking of someone who remains noble alone in such barren surroundings
yudu (乳竇): a stalactite cave.
yurak (流落): to drift here and there. To wander far away.
yuryang (瀏湸): pure and resounding.
yumyeong (有名): to become famous.
yumong (幽夢): a deep, quiet dream.
yumul (有物); if it is a thing.
yumigeuk (猶未極): it is still not the end.
yubongbijeop (游蜂飛蜨): bees at play and butterflies in flight.
yubu (惟付): to give only this.
yusa (猶辭): to still decline.
yusa (柳絲): willow threads.
yusang (幽賞): quiet, deep appreciation.
yusanggagu (流商刻羽): sang (商) and u (羽) are two of the five tones (五音). In terms of seasons, the sang tone stands for autumn and the u tone for winter. Means autumn is going and winter is coming
yuseo (柳絮): willow catkins
yuseo (幽棲): a secluded dwelling
yuso (幽棲): the dwelling of one who lives in hiding.
yuseung (猶勝): better still.
yusi (唯是): only.
yusiil (猶是一): still one and the same.
yusijin (猶是眞): to still take it as real.
yusim (幽深): profoundly deep
yusim (有甚): the same as the vernacular-style expression shenme (什麽). Somewhat, even more.
yuaeng (流鶯): oriole.
yuyang (悠揚): soaring far off.
yueonmueon (有言無言): speaking and not speaking.
yuyang (悠揚): swaying far off
yuujil (幽憂疾): an illness of secret worry
yuwi (有爲): there is doing. A useful talent.
yuyu (唯有): there is only –.
yuin (幽人): a person who lives in hiding.
yujeong (幽庭): a quiet, deep courtyard.
yujon (猶存): still remains.
yucha (油茶): another name for sanda (山茶), that is, the camellia.
yuchamyeok (遺此覔): to leave this behind and seek elsewhere.
yucheobyeongja (有妻并子): having a wife and children as well.
yucheol (鎦徹): refers to Emperor Wu of Han (漢武帝), Liu Che (劉徹).
yucheong (猶聽): still heard.
yucho (柳梢): willow branches.
yuhyang (愈香): more fragrant still.
yuhyeobu (楡莢雨): the spring rain that falls when the elm's new buds sprout
yukgi (六氣): the energy that fills the six directions (六合), that is, east, west, south, north, above, and below.
yuksu (六銖): name of a thin, light ceremonial garment that monks drape over one shoulder.
yuksikga (肉食家): a household that eats meat.
yukchang (六牕): the same as the six roots (六根). The six channels through which sinful karma enters: the eyes and ears, the nose and tongue, the body and thought.
yukhap (六合): east, west, south, north, above, and below. Heaven and earth.
yungyuno (尹奎魯): the eldest son of Yun Dan (尹慱), owner of Dasan Chodang.
yunwang (輪王): short for jeollyun seongwang (轉輪聖王). The king who rules the world surrounding Mount Sumeru.
yurol (硉矹): precarious
yulja (栗莿): chestnut burs.
yungman (隆萬): the Longqing (隆慶) and Wanli (萬曆) eras of the late Ming (明). The era names of Muzong (明穆宗, 1567~1572) and Shenzong (神宗, 1573~1620)
eungeun (慇懃): diligently striving.
eunbak (恩薄): affection grown harsh.
eunsancheolbyeok (銀山鐵壁): a metaphor for an obstacle that is hard to break through.
eunyuam (隱幽巖): hidden in the rock cave where one dwells.
eunhwang (銀潢): another expression for the Milky Way
eum (蔭): to cast shade.
eum (吟): to chant. A poetic form (詩體).
eumpa (飮罷) : to drink it all. To finish drinking
eumpungyeongwol (吟風詠月): to chant of the wind and sing of the moon.
eumhye (蔭蹊): a shaded path.
eup (揖): a bow made with the hands clasped together and raised.
eup (浥): to get wet.
eupche (泣涕): weeping and shedding tears
eungmu (應無): there will surely be none.
eungsi (應是): certainly, without fail.
eungjin (應嗔): will surely get angry.
ui (擬): to compare. To liken.
ui (倚): to lean.
ui (漪): ripples rise.
uigeouirae (疑去疑來): doubts come and go.
uigu (依舊): unchanged
uidan (疑團): a mass of doubt
uidan (議短): to discuss shortcomings.
uiryeon (依戀): to lean on with longing.
uiroingeo (義路仁居) : the path of righteousness and the house of benevolence. Part 1 of "Li Lou (離婁)" in Mencius (孟子) says: "Benevolence (仁) is man's peaceful abode (安宅), and righteousness (義) is man's right path (正路)."
uiru (倚樓): to lean on the railing of a pavilion. An expression often used to mean waiting.
uisangjeon (意常前): the intention always runs ahead.
uisu (宜隨): ought to follow.
uian (醫案): a medical book written by Xue Lizhai (薛立齋) of China
uiyeon (依然): unchanged. As it was.
iui (二儀): another expression for heaven and earth (天地).
uiui (依依): bead curtains and the like swaying in the wind; hesitating, unable to decide.
uichanghansu (倚窓閑睡): to lean against the window and doze at leisure.
uicheon (衣穿): clothes worn through with holes.
uicheom (倚檐): to lean against the eaves.
uicheong (疑聽): it seems to be heard
uichimnin (蟻侵麟): ants invade the dragon's scales
uihasim (意何深): how can the meaning be so deep?
uihosang (疑濠上): to wonder if this is Haoshang.
Haoshang (濠上) refers to the time Zhuangzi (莊子) was strolling with Huizi (惠子) on the bank of the Hao (濠上), saw a school of fish at play, and debated whether they felt joy. Afterward Haoshang came to mean gaining that joy through an enlightenment that cannot be conveyed in words. Here it means that his life at the Chodang in his later years is no different from the joy of Haoshang.
uihui (依俙): dim and faint.
i (爾): you
i (已): already, before one knows it.
igan (已看): to have already seen.
igyeong (已經): to have already passed.
igwijeong (已歸丁): it has already come back to the Jeong family. Means it has become his own possession.
igeuk (樲棘): a thorny wild jujube tree. Used to mean scrub trees.
igeun (耳根): the earlobe.
inyeomyeomyeom (以念念念): to think thoughts by means of thought, or to think and think. It can also be read as thinking of an instant. nyeom (念) is used in the sense of to think, to recite.
In Buddhism it means an instant (刹那). nyeomyeom (念念) means linking one thought to the next. Or thinking of an instant.
ido (已道): to have already said.
irak (籬落): a fence woven of bamboo and the like. A wattle fence.
isan (離散): parting and scattering.
isang (移床): moving the bench.
iseok (移席): to change seats. Means wherever one goes.
iseol (已洩): already leaked.
isu (異數): a strange fortune.
isugukgong (以手掬空): to grasp the void with one's hand. A metaphor for something impossible.
isik (已識): to already know.
isim (爾心): your mind.
iyak (餌藥): to take medicine
iyeol (怡悅): delighted.
iyun (二尹): refers to Yun Seo-yu (尹書有), owner of Ongsan Byeolseo (翁山別墅), and his cousin Yun Si-yu (尹詩有).
iui (二儀): another expression for heaven and earth (天地)
iigwallae (耳以觀來): to see with the ears.
ijijiji (以知知知): to claim to know about knowing by means of speculative knowledge.
icheonyeok (伊川易): refers to the four volumes of Chengshi Yizhuan (程氏易传), the commentary on the Book of Changes by the Northern Song philosopher Cheng Yi (程颐).
It interprets the hexagram statements and line images (爻象) of the Book of Changes from the standpoint of essence and function, and is regarded as an important work of Song-Ming (宋明) Neo-Confucianism (理學).
ichwi (異趣): to differ in taste.
iha (邇遐): far and near. Everything, entirely
ihwa (移花): to transplant a flowering tree.
ihoengminsu (吏橫民愁): the tyranny of petty officials and the worries of the people.
in (咽): to choke up.
in (引): to pull. To draw in.
ingye (因繼): to succeed thereby.
innin (鱗鱗): waves catching the moonlight and looking like fish scales.
inman (引蔓): to pull on the vines.
insa (因思): to think thereby.
insa (隣寺): a neighboring temple.
inseon (人善): others treat me well too.
inseung (隣僧): a monk living nearby.
inyeon (人煙): the cooking smoke of people's houses.
inin (咽咽): choked up.
inil (寅日): the first tiger day by sexagenary reckoning
injang (寅漿): to take thin gruel at the hour of in (寅時). The hour of in is between 3 and 5 a.m.
injae (人財): other people's wealth.
injin (人盡): all the people.
incheon (引泉): to bring in spring water.
incheop (鞇氎): a blanket. Woolen fabric.
ilgang (日强): to grow stronger day by day
ilgyeon (一肩): one shoulder.
ilgyeong (一徑): a single path
ilgyeong (一莖): a single strand.
ilgwa (一顆): a single grain. A single lump
ilgok (一曲): a single bend.
ilgu (一鉤): a single hook. A depiction of the crescent moon.
ilguto (一丘土): the soil of one mound. One mound refers to a grave.
ilgwon (一拳): one fist. One punch.
ilgi (逸氣): an outstanding spirit.
illap (一衲): nap is the robe a monk wears. A single monk.
illapduta (一衲頭陀): a monk wearing nothing but a single robe.
illyeom (一簾): the whole bead curtain.
ildan (一端): one end
ildancho (一段綃): a bolt of silk. cho (綃) is patterned silk. Silk.
ildaeyeon (一大緣): one great karmic bond.
ildo (一道): a single stream.
ildo (一棹): a single oar. Here it refers to one small boat
illyeong (一靈): one numinous. Constantly numinous
ilmyeok (一冪): entirely covered over.
ilbak (一泊): to moor at the shore for one night
ilban (一半): half.
ilbanchun (一般春): ilban means the same. No different from a spring day.
ilbal (一鉢): one alms bowl. One bowlful.
ilbyeong (一柄): one (long-handled object).
ilssangbaekseo (一雙白鼠): a pair of white mice. The poem's original note says: "A sutra says: 'The sun and moon flow on and hasten people toward old age and death, just as two mice gnaw at a vine until the vine falls of its own accord.' (經云: 日月流邁, 催人老死, 如二鼠侵藤. 藤自倒也.)"
ilseosangseol (一端賞雪): constantly, so as to enjoy the auspicious snow.
ilsok (一束): one bundle.
ilsu (一穗): one cluster. su (穗) is an ear of rice.
ilya (日夜): night and day.
iryeok (日易): to exchange in days. Means that Su Wu was held captive for nineteen years, while he himself was confined for nineteen days
iryeopju (一葉舟); ilyeop pyeonju. A small skiff.
iryeong (日永): the days are long.
iro (一塢): the whole hill
irwan (一椀): one bowlful.
iru (一盂): one bowl.
irwonsang (一圓相): the stage of enlightenment that opens at the final stage of the Ox-Herding Pictures (尋牛圖), in the realm where there is no self and things have vanished too. It is depicted in the shape of a single round circle.
irui (一衣): one set of clothes.
irijung (日已中): the sun is already at its zenith
ilja (一自): ever since once –.
iljaimang (一自爾亡): ever since you died.
iljangeum (一長吟): one long chant.
iljanghun (日將曛): it is about to become dusk.
ilju (一炷): one wick.
iljo (日頫): the sun is setting. Reaching old age.
iljiji (日遲遲): the sun moves slowly.
ilcheok (一隻): one (vehicle). One (animal).
ilcheok (一擲): to throw once.
ilchon (一寸): one chi. A very short time or a small amount.
ilchul (日出): the day dawns.
ilpyeon (一片): one piece.
ilpyo (一杓): one ladleful.
ilhabin (一何頻): how is it so constantly frequent?
ilhak (逸鶴): a leisurely crane.
ilhong (一泓): a pond.
ilhwa (日華): the sun.
ilhwi (一揮): to swing once.
im (凭): to lean.
imgye (臨溪): to overlook a stream.
imgun (任君): to leave you to it.
imbyeok (林僻): the forest is secluded and remote.
imso (林巢) : a nest in the forest.
imsogwi (任所歸): to leave it to go where it returns. To let it go wherever it wants.
imsusa (任輸寫): to copy freely.
imseung (林僧): a monk who lives in the forest.
imsi (臨時): when the time comes.
ima (林鴉): a rook in the forest
imcho (林杪): the upper reaches of the forest trees. Branches in the forest.
imta (任他): as one pleases
imtachok (任隳觸): to let it crumble wherever it is touched
imha (林下): beneath the forest. A space beyond the secular world.
imhaeng (臨行): before setting out.
immyo (入妙): to enter the realm of the sublime.
ipsa (廿四): the 24th day.
ipsimbiwang (立心非枉): setting one's mind as one did was not wrong
ing (仍): thereby.
ingdeuk (剩得): to gain plenty.
ingyeo (仍與): thereby together with –.

ㅈ (j)

ja (自): from -.
jaga (自家): oneself.
jagyu (子規): the lesser cuckoo.
jadaro (煮茶鑪): a brazier for brewing tea.
jadayeon (煮茶煙): the smoke of brewing tea.
jarae (自來): to come of one's own accord. To come on one's own feet.
jamaek (紫陌): the bustling streets of a city.
jamyeong (煮茗): to brew tea
jamyeong (慈明): the courtesy name of the Eastern Han (東漢) scholar Xun Shuang (荀爽, 128—190). He left many writings on the classics, of which Xunshi Zhouyi Zhu (旬氏周易注) in eleven volumes is famous.
jabae (炙背): to warm one's back in the sun
jabyeok (籍碧): to lean on the green grass.
jabing (自憑): to lean alone.
jasaenga (自生芽): a sprout that came up of itself.
jasu (自須): oneself must.
jayeon (紫燕): a purple swallow.
jaoksaeng (紫玉笙) : a pipe made of purple jade. Means a fine pipe
jaun (紫篔): a variety of bamboo with a purplish tinge.
jawiso (自爲消): perishes of itself.
jayu (自揉): to bend it oneself. Means he bent the bamboo into a curve so that roe deer could not get through.jayu (玆游): this trip's sightseeing.
jaeum (自陰): shade forms of itself
jajae (自在): at will.
jajaesin (自在身): the body is free
jajeok (自適) : being content by oneself. Suiting one's own will.
jajong (自從): from -.
jajigi (自知己): to know oneself.
jacha (咨嗟): to sigh.
jachang (自彰): to reveal itself.
jahae (紫海): another name for the South Sea
jakgasan (作假山): to make a false mountain. Means the clouds took the shape of strange peaks.
jangmae (雀梅): bush cherry
jakso (昨宵): last night.
jakjin (昨趂): chased after it yesterday.
jakhoe (斫鱠): to slice raw fish.
jangyeong (殘經): the classics that survived the burning of the books (焚書).
janseo (殘暑): the lingering heat.
janseo (殘書): leftover books from incomplete sets.
janyang (殘陽): the remaining sunlight. The setting sun.
janwon (潺湲): water flowing.
janwol (殘月): the faint moon just before it sets. The dawn moon
jantae (殘菭): remaining moss.
janhyang (殘香): the lingering fragrance
janhong (殘紅): maple leaves fallen to the ground. The flowers left after the others have fallen.
janhwa (殘花): flowers that have withered and fallen.
jam (金蠶): name of a poisonous insect (毒蟲). A bug said to get into a person's belly and gnaw away at the internal organs.
japdap (雜沓): a jumbled mixture.
jang (莊): solemn.
jang (長): always.
jang (瘴): the noxious air that rises from hot, humid land
jang (藏): to hide. To store.
janggallo (長澗路): a path that runs a long way along a stream.
janggong (長公): refers to Su Dongpo. Means that if Su Shi was able to visit all the scenic places around him during his exile, it cannot be said that heaven only brought disaster upon him.
janggeun (牆根): below the wall.
jangdanyeonggo (長短榮枯): living long and dying early
jangnan (將闌): growing late
jangbulmae (長不寐): long unable to sleep.
jangsamisa (張三李四): the third son of the Zhang family and the fourth son of the Li family, meaning ordinary people.
jangsu (莊叟): Zhuangzi. su (叟) is an honorific for old men.
jangsim (將心): with the mind.
jangyeong (檣影): the shadow of a mast reflected in the water
jangwa (長臥): always lying down.
jangoe (墻外): outside the wall
jangwon (將圓): about to become well-rounded. The lines of a poem coming together well.
jangjae (壯哉): splendid!
Changju (長沮) and Jieni (桀溺). When the two were plowing a field and Confucius sent his disciple Zilu to ask them where the ford was, they rebuked him, asking why he roamed the world (天下) instead of withdrawing from such a chaotic age.
jangjeok (藏跡): to hide one's traces.
jangjeong (長亭): pavilions that the state built every ten li in the old days so that travelers could rest
jangji (長至): another expression for the summer solstice.
jangjin (張陳): to spread out.
jangjinchi (將眞治): will truly govern.
jangcheon (瘴天): a sky laden with miasma (瘴氣), that is, noxious air.
jangchu (將雛): leading the chicks
jangpyeongja (張平子) : Zhang Heng (張衡) of the Later Han (後漢). He gave up an important post at court and went out to a provincial post, serving as a minister to the Prince of Hejian (河間王); seeing the realm fall into chaos, he wrote "Poem of Four Sorrows (四愁詩)" on four kinds of worry, pouring out his frustration.
jangha (牆下): below the wall.
janghaal (將何遏): how will one stop it?
janghamju (掌頷珠): to hold a wish-fulfilling pearl in one's palm.
jae (纔): barely, with difficulty. Just now.
jaegadong (在家同): to do just as one would at home.
jaegak (齋閣): a shrine hall.
jaegyeongjung (在鏡中): it is in the mirror. The mirror is the surface of the water.
jaegwa (纔過): barely passed
jaedo (纔到): barely arrived.
jaebeomjaeseong (在凡在聖): whether in ordinary people or in sages.
jaengsa (爭似): how could it compare with –?
jaeseong (裁成): to cut and complete
jaeseong (纔成): just accomplished.
jaesi (纔是): just now.
jaejuk (栽竹): to plant bamboo.
jaengni (爭利): to contend for profit.
jaengsa (爭似): jaeng means how. How could it be like –?
jaengyeo (爭如): how could it be as good as –?
jaengjimo (爭遲暮): competing in the slow dusk
jaenghwan (爭換): jaeng (爭) means how. How could one exchange it?
jeo (貯): to pile up. To store.
jeogae (這箇): this.
jeogaesa (這箇事): such a matter.
jeogeum (渚禽): waterside birds.
jeori (這裡): inside this.
jeoripji (竚立遲): to stand blankly for a long while.
jeomangeum (抵萬金): worth ten thousand pieces of gold.
jeosu (低首): to bow one's head.
jeoik (沮溺) : recluses of the state of Chu in the Spring and Autumn period
jeocheom (低簷): low eaves.
jeopo (苧布): ramie cloth
jeok (摘): to pick.
jeongnyeok (寂歷): desolate.
jeongnyo (寂寥): desolate and lonely.
jeongmuje (寂無嗁): silent, not crying out.
jeoksok (適俗): to suit the secular world. To fit in with the secular world
jeoksim (赤心): a red heart.
jeogyeogyeong (赤如瓊): red as jade.
jeogyeon (寂然): desolate.
jeogui (適意): exactly to one's liking.
jeokjajun (赤字鐫): to engrave red characters.
jeokjeok (的的): distinctly bright
jeokjeok (滴滴): drops of water or tears dripping down.
jeokjeok (寂寂): lonely and desolate.
jeokhwaman (荻花灣): a bend in the water where silver grass blooms
jeokhwan (謫宦): an official going into exile
jeokhoeng (笛橫): to play the flute held sideways.
jeon (轉): to change. To turn. On the contrary
jeon (銓): to interpret and explain.
jeongeo (前車): the same meaning as jeoncheol (前轍). The ruts left by the cart in front. Since the cart behind follows the ruts of the one ahead, used to mean a bad precedent
jeongye (前階): before the stone steps.
jeongwang (顚狂): a madman.
jeondo (轉到): to change and arrive
jeollak (躔絡): moving along an orbit
jeonnojwa (全露坐): sitting completely exposed. Means it was placed in the open air (露天). /
jeonmang (顚忙): madly busy.
jeonmyeon (轉眄): in a moment. In the time it takes to turn one's glance.
jeonmi (專美): enjoying a fine name all to oneself.
jeonbanhak (專半壑): living only within the valley.
jeonseong (羶腥): a gamy smell.
jeonsim (全心): a whole mind.
jeonak (典樂): an official in antiquity in charge of education in music (樂).
jeonyakbong (轉若蓬): to roll like mugwort.
jeonong (田翁): a farmer
jeonyok (氈褥): blankets and mattresses. Refers to bedding.
jeonjeon (轉轉): rather, more and more. Gradually, before one knows it.
jeonjeong (前程): the road ahead. The way one must go.
jeonji (顚躓): to stumble and fall
jeonchok (轉矚): to look around
jeonchunggok (纏衷曲): coiled within one's innermost heart
jeonpa (餞罷): to finish the farewell
jeol (切): to trim the wick.
jeolmak (切莫): please do not -.
jeolmu (絶無): none at all.
jeolseo (浙西): west of Zhejiang. Refers to Hangzhou (杭州), Huzhou (湖州), and so on.
jeoljo (節操): integrity.
jeom (點): to put a dot
jeom (霑): to get wet
jeom (點): to point to.
jeomgeom (點檢): to inspect item by item.
jeomno (漸老): to gradually grow old.
jeomseo (漸曙): day gradually dawns
jeomo (玷汚): a flaw in jade or a stain
jeomui (霑衣): to wet one's clothes.
jeomcheon (點天): to dot the sky.
jeop (跕): to tread. To walk wearing.
jeobeogaeng (鰈魚羹): flounder
jeobyeop (接葉): leaves attached one after another.
jeong (淨): clean.
jeong (呈): to show. To reveal. To say.
jeongga (庭柯): the branches of trees in the courtyard.
jeonggansu (井澗水): well water and stream water.
jeonggae (正開): in full bloom
jeonggwan (靜觀): to observe quietly.
jeongdo (正到): to arrive directly.
jeongdu (飣餖): food laid out in a row.
jeongnan (梷爛): clean and brilliant.
jeongno (正路): the right path.
jeongmun (頂門): the crown of the head.
jeongmunan (頂門眼): an eye on the crown of the head. The eye of wisdom.
jeongmi (精微): precise and subtle
jeongbaek (庭柏): the cypress in the courtyard.
jeongbun (正芬): in full fragrance.
jeongbi (正沸): in full bustle
jeongsang (井上): by the well.
jeongsaeng (情生): affection arises.
jeongseonhwabyeong (鄭選畫屛): Jeong Seon's painted folding screen. Jeong Seon (鄭選) seems to be a miswriting of the painter Jeong Seon (鄭敾). Means the scenery is just like a scene on a painted screen by Gyeomjae.
jeongseolsan (頂雪山): a mountain with snow piled on its peak.
jeongsuk (靘淑): deep and clear
jeongsim (庭心): the very middle of the courtyard
jeongan (正眼): the right eye. The eye of enlightenment.
jeongyeoso (靜如掃): as quiet as a freshly swept yard.
jeongu (庭隅): a corner of the courtyard.
jeongun (停雲): an expression of longing for a friend far away. Appears in a poem by Tao Yuanming.
jeongjeo (精底): within precision.
jeongjeon (鼎顚): to overturn the cauldron
jeongjongyeondo (情存見道): one's intent lies in seeing the Way. To set one's heart on realizing the Way.
jeongjong (正宗): the orthodox teaching transmitted directly (嫡傳) from the First Patriarch (初祖) Bodhidharma.
jeongju (汀洲): the water's edge.
jeongchok (叮囑): to entreat. To ask.
jeonghyeon (鄭玄) : a classicist of the Eastern Han (東漢). He left commentaries on the basic classics, including the Three Classics (三經).
jeonghwa (庭花): flowers blooming in the courtyard.
je (除): to remove.
je (躋): to climb.
jegak (除却): to exclude
jeram (提籃): to go carrying a basket.
jebyeong (除病): to get rid of illness.
jesi (題詩): to compose a poem
jein (諸人): many people.
jejeon (薺田): a field of shepherd's purse.
jecheonjeong (濟川亭) : name of a pavilion that stood on the bank of the Han River.
jeho (提壺): to pull the liquor bottle. jeho is a phonetic borrowing of the brown-eared bulbul's call, pronounced 'tihu' in Chinese.
jo (稠): fruit densely packed. Ripe
jogyeon (照見): seen by reflection.
jogye (曹溪): name of the stream in front of Songgwangsa. A metaphor for Songgwangsa.
jogwon (朝權): the power of the court.
jogohan (照孤寒): to shine on lonely, cold places
jodo (釣徒): an angler.
jodo (鳥道): a path so perilous that only birds can travel it.
jodong (朝童): another name for bracken.
jodeuk (釣得): to reel in.
jorae (朝來): morning comes. In the morning.
joryang (雕梁) : a beam with carvings. Refers to a splendid house
joryeong (鳥嶺): Mungyeong Saejae
joram (朝嵐): morning haze. nam (嵐) is the bluish, haze-like air that hangs over mountains or rivers.
jorimyeong (釣利名): to fish for profit and fame.
jomu (朝霧): morning mist.
jobyeong (調病): to nurse an illness.
josi (朝市): the court and the marketplace. Places where the competition for fame and profit is fierce
josik (調息): to convalesce.
joae (阻礙): an obstruction
jouhon (朝又昏): morning came and then it was dusk again.
jouk (朝旭): the morning sun
joeum (潮音): the sound of the waves. A melody.
joui (祖意): the patriarch's meaning. The meaning of Bodhidharma's coming from the west.
joi (早已): already, from early on.
joiksarin (蜩翼蛇鱗): a cicada's wings and a snake's scales. Said because both shed their skins.
joil (朝日): the morning sun.
jojang (照帳): to shine on the curtain.
jojeol (藻梲): to decorate the king posts with paintings. jeol (梲) is the king post set on the beam to support the ridgepole. Decorating it with paintings. The splendid residences of princes and nobles (王公貴人).
joje (鳥啼): birds sing.
joju (趙州): Seon master Zhaozhou.
jojumun (趙州門): the school of Seon master Zhaozhou. Refers to the gate of Seon (禪門).
jojuseon (趙州禪): the Seon method of Master Zhaozhou.
jocheon (調泉): to regulate the spring water.
jochu (啁啾): the noisy sounds made by insects and similar creatures.
jochwi (照取): to take it and look at its reflection.
jotoe (潮退): the tide recedes. Refers to the ebb tide.
johaeng (藻荇): water plants of the water chestnut family. Here it describes the shadows of the bamboo grove in the moonlight swaying across the yard like water plants
johoe (雕繪): to carve and paint. Splendid decoration
jonmang (存亡): life and death.
jonseong (存誠): keeping sincerity in one's heart.
jonjon (存存): keeping one's mind and holding on to sincerity.
jol (拙): clumsy. Needy.
jolgi (拙棋): poorly played go
jong (終): in the end. Finally.
jonggongchul (從空出): to come out following the void.
jonggeum (從今): from now on
jongno (終老): until dying of old age.
jongnae (從來): from before. Until now
jongmu (從無): none at all. guho (扣戶): to knock on the door.
jongmu (縱無): even if there is no –.
jongsa (宗師): a great monk.
jongsa (縱使): even if –.
jongso (終宵): all night long
jongsimdeuk (從心得): to gain through the mind.
jongya (終夜): all night long.
jongyu (縱有): even if there is –.
jongyusak (終有索): in the end there is a rope. Means a nose ring has been put through.
jongjaeng (琮琤): the sound of spring water like jade beads.
jongjo (終朝): all morning long.
jongjogyeongya (終朝竟夜): from the end of morning until evening is over.
jonghwangeo (從幻去): to go off chasing illusions.
jonghyeon (鐘峴): a hill that stood where Myeongdong Cathedral in Myeong-dong, Seoul, is now.
jonghoeng (縱橫): at will.
jwagaek (座客): guests among the company
jwagyeon (坐見): to see while sitting.
jwagwan (坐觀): to observe while sitting.
jwadae (坐對): to face while sitting.
jwabok (左腹): in the sense of a trusted confidant (心腹). jwabok (左腹) comes from the fourth line of the "Mingyi (明夷)" hexagram in the Book of Changes: entering the left belly and obtaining the heart of Mingyi." The commentary interprets it as entering a dark place and grasping the ruler's heart. Refers to a petty man (小人) who rises to high office and harms others by wicked means while enjoying the ruler's trust.
jwasu (坐睡): to doze while sitting.
ju (做): to make, to create.
jugong (做功): to study. To pour in effort.
jugi (晝氣): the energy of daytime.
jumugwa (酒無過): drinking without excess.
jusa (蛛絲): a spider web.
jueomgwan (晝掩關): closing the brushwood gate even in broad daylight.
juingong (主人公): an expression for the mind that governs my body.
jujaksan (朱雀山): a mountain in Mongni, Gangjin-gun.
jujeo (蹰躇): hesitating, unable to go forward.
juha (朱夏): midsummer.
juhamang (走何忙): how can the running be so hurried?
juhyeon (蛛懸): a spider hangs.
juhwa (朱華): a red flower. Refers to the lotus.
jukgak (竹閣): a house with bamboo railings.
jungnyo (粥了): to finish one's porridge.
juksang (竹床): a bed woven of bamboo.
jugo (竹塢): a hill with a bamboo grove.
jukchwisim (竹醉深): the bamboo is deeply drunk. Said because the 13th day of the fifth lunar month is called Bamboo Drunk Day (竹醉日) or Bamboo Lost Day (竹迷日), and bamboo transplanted on this day is said to grow well.
jukhosimgyeong (竹戶深扃): to shut the bamboo door tight.
juno (踆烏): the three-legged crow said to live in the sun. samjogo (三足烏)
jukjang (竹杖): a bamboo walking stick.
junpan (峻阪): a steep slope.
jungusakgeum (衆口銷金): the mouths of the many melt metal. Means that rumors run rampant and create facts that do not exist. There is also the allusion in which a mother refused to believe that her son had committed a grave crime, but when three people came one after another to tell her, her face changed greatly.
jungdocha (重到此): to come here again.
jungsang (仲翔): the pen name of Yu Fan (虞翻, 164－233) of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. Deeply versed in the study of the Changes, he left Yu's Commentary on the Zhouyi (虞注周易) in nine volumes.
jungsang (重上): to climb again.
jungso (中宵): the middle of the night
jungya (中夜): the middle of the night.
junghon (重昬): layers upon layers of darkness.
jeuk (即): right away. Immediately. On the spot
jeugo (卽悟): to realize instantly.
jeung (憎): to hate
jeunggun (贈君): to give to you.
jeungsujong (曾手種): once planted with one's own hands.
jeungsukgyeongsaeng (曾熟經生): the scriptures that were once familiar suddenly feel strange.
jeungyeo (贈與): to give.
jeungin (憎人): to hate others.
jeungjang (曾將): once.
jeungha (蒸霞): steamed in the mist of the sunset glow.
ji (遲): slow. Late.
ji (秪): only, merely.
ji (只): only.
jigak (池角): the corner of a pond.
jigyeon (知見): knowledge gained through discrimination.
jigong (秪恐): only to fear –.
jigeuk (枳棘): a thorny thicket.
jinam (指南): to point the direction.
jiroji (知老至): to know that old age has arrived.
jibyeon (池邊): by the pond.
jibyeok (地僻): the land is remote.
jibojok (智輔族): the Zhi clan (智氏) and the Fu clan (輔氏) were ducal clans (公族) of Jin (晉) in the Warring States period. Means that although the Three Factions of Yuanyou were divided into factions, he never heard of them forming cliques that used their factions to satisfy their families' selfish desires. Means the problem is not factions as such but what the factions fight over
jisoesim (知衰甚): I can tell that my decline is severe.
jisik (知識): short for seonjisik (善知識). A person of great wisdom.
jisim (知心): to know the mind.
jiyoilsagamchuchang (只饒一事堪惆悵): just one thing is enough to bear sorrow over.
Means it is too regrettable.
jiwi (只爲): only in order to –.
jieum (知音): one who truly understands me
jieung (秪應): only, naturally.
jiilgye (只一磎): means that gathering firewood and growing greens are done around a single stream.
jijang (地瘴): the noxious air of the land.
jijangcheon (地漿): spring water welling up from the ground.
jijae (只在): lies only in –.
jiju 智周): wisdom reaches everywhere
jiji (知知): to know what one knows. Or, to know knowing.
jiji (遲遲): slow and sluggish.
jicha (只此): only this.
jicheok (只尺): the same as jicheok (咫尺). Very near.
jipi (紙被): a paper quilt. Bedding as thin as paper.
jikdo (直到): to arrive directly.
jiksa (直似): just like.
jiksa (直射): to shoot straight.
jigyo (直要): must directly –.
jikhyang (直向): to head straight for.
jin (嗔): to cry out noisily.
jin (趁): to chase, to follow
jin (趁): to chase.
jingamseon (眞堪羨): truly enviable.
jingong (眞空): true emptiness (空).
jingyumo (盡規模): everything has its proper scale.
jindan (震旦): an expression used in ancient India for China. The ‘Fanyi Mingyi Ji (繙譯名義集)’ says: "The east belongs to zhen (震) and is the region where the sun rises, so it is called Zhendan."
jindo (盡道): to say it all.
jinnu (塵累): entanglement in the world of dust.
jinni (塵裏): within the dust.
jinmyeon (眞面): one's original true face. The real scenery, not hidden by mist.
jinmyo (臻妙): exquisitely subtle.
jinmu (榛蕪): overgrown scrub woods.
jinmigong (陳眉公): the Ming (明) writer Chen Jiru (陳繼儒). Meigong (眉公) was his pen name. He lived in the Jiangnan region and was so renowned for his prose that he was highly esteemed in his day. In his later years he devoted himself to writing and published many compilations excerpted from various books. He left a collectanea (叢書) called Chen Meigong Miji (陳眉公祕笈).
jinburui (進不疑): to go forward without doubting. Or, to have no doubt about going forward.
jinsa (塵事): the affairs of the world of dust.
jinseong (眞性): one's true nature.
jinsimui (陳深意): to set out the deep meaning
jinwon (眞源): the true source.
jinil (盡日): all day long.
jinjeong (盡情): with all one's heart. As it is.
jinjung (塵中): within the world of dust.
jinpyeon (陳篇): refers to the "Yuechu (月出)" chapter of the Chen Feng (陳風) section of the Book of Songs: "The moon comes out bright; how lovely the fair one. Her graceful form at ease; my heart aches (月出皎兮, 佼人憭兮. 舒窈糾兮, 勞心悄兮.)" In general it means singing of the moon. It means that if you miss someone, look up at the moonlight
jippang (執放): to grasp and to release. Attachment and letting go
jing (澄): pure.
jing (徵): to look for. To seek.
jinggang (澄江): a clear river.
jingdanmyo (徵端妙): showing signs that it will become graceful and lovely
jingcheong (澄淸): pure.

ㅊ (ch)

cha (遮): to block. To obstruct.
cha (嗟): a sighing sound.
chageo (借居): to borrow a dwelling.
chamun (且問): about to ask.
chabyeong (茶甁): a vessel for holding tea.
chasim (且尋): about to look for.
chaje (次第): in order.
chachi (且置): to set aside. Not to concern oneself
chahawisil ( 此何爲失): how could this be a loss?
chak (著): to wear. To be attached. To hang. To stick.
changnimcho (著林梢): stuck to the tips of the forest branches.
chagui (着意): to set one's mind on. To heed.
chaguikkikban (着衣喫飯): to put on clothes and eat. Means everyday matters.
chakchak (鑿鑿): orderly, step by step
chaktak (斲琢): to carve and adorn.
chakhwa (着花): flowers bloom.
changoji (鑚古紙): to bore through old paper. Refers to a bee that has come into a room and, instead of going out through the wide-open door, keeps beating against the papered window. A state of being caught in delusion and unable to see the great Way of enlightenment.
chanbong (攢峯): densely clustered peaks.
chanha (餐霞): to feed on the energy of the morning mist. hanghae (沆瀣) and joha (朝霞) are the foods of the immortals.
cham (參): to pay respects (參謁). To call on.
cham (攙): to stab.
cham (鑱): a spade. A long-handled shovel
chamgoe (慚愧): ashamed.
chamgu (參句) : taking up a patriarch's (祖師) hwadu and investigating it (參究). One method of Seon meditation
chamnap (黲衲): a robe of dark blue ink color.
chammun (參問): to ask questions by investigating (參究) a hwadu.
chammun (參問): to ask questions by investigating (參究) a hwadu.
chamseon (參禪) : means investigating (參究) Seon and entering into (參入) Seon. A practice of sitting with a hwadu, seeing through to one's nature and breaking through doubt.
chamin (讒人): a person who slanders and maligns others
chamchi (參差): uneven.
chamhakbae (參學輩): those taking part in learning.
chamtu (參透): to take part and master.
chang (漲): the water rises.
chang (悵): sad.
changgung (蒼穹): the blue sky
changnyang (滄凉): cold and cool.
changnong (窓櫳): a window with a lattice pattern
changsang (滄桑): the blue sea turning into mulberry fields. A shortened form of sangjeon byeokhae (桑田碧海)
changseo (窓栖): to nest at the window.
changchahwa (淸且和): clear and balmy too.
changchang (蒼蒼): the blue sky. Blue.
changhap (閶閤): the gate of heaven.
chaereung (蔡陵): a place name in the region of Lu (魯); there seems to be an allusion, but it is unclear
chaemil (採蜜): to gather honey.
chaeyak (采藥): to gather medicinal herbs.
chaechim (蔡沈): the son of Cai Yuanding (蔡元定) of the Song dynasty, and a disciple of Zhu Xi (朱熹). When Cai Yuanding was unable to put into writing his insight into the numbers (數) of the Great Plan (洪範), he said, "My son will carry on after me and complete it," and Zhu Xi too, in his later years, entrusted the commentary (傳) on the Book of Documents to Cai Shen. Used to mean a successor
chaepo (菜圃): a vegetable garden.
chaepogwawon (菜圃瓜園): a vegetable garden and a melon field.
chaehyeop (菜莢): vegetable pods. A vegetable garden
chaehwang (採黃): to gather pollen.
cheono (妻孥): wife and children
cheodokgeohan (處獨居閑): to live alone and spend one's days at leisure
cheoryang (淒凉): dreary and lonely.
cheoyeon (凄然): chilly enough to make one shiver, cold and icy.
cheocheo (處處): everywhere one goes. Everywhere.
cheocheo (萋萋): grass growing lush.
cheocheomun (處處聞): heard everywhere.
cheopung (凄風): a biting wind
cheokbal (刺拔): rising up as if to pierce.
cheogan (斥鷃): a wren. A crow-tit.
cheogi (戚施): refers to a hunchback. Refers to seeking a fine spouse and getting an ugly person instead.
cheokjeo (隻杵): a single fulling club
cheokchang (拓窓): to push open the lifting window.
cheokcheok (戚戚): full of worry
cheokhwak (尺蠖):inchworm Yanzi Chunqiu) says: the inchworm turns yellow when it eats yellow things and green when it eats green things." Used to mean that those below depend on those above
cheon (淺): shallow. To become shallow.
cheongak (天殼): the shell of the sky.
cheonnam (天南): the southern sky.
cheonnamongnyeo (天男玉女): the handsome men and beautiful women of heaven.
cheondo (天都): the capital of heaven.
cheonmamannan (千魔萬難): a thousand demons and ten thousand hardships.
cheonmyeong (天明): day dawns
cheonseol (穿雪): through the snow
cheonseong (天性): one's innate nature
cheonseongno (千聖路): the path walked by a thousand sages.
sumun (天壽門): the south gate of Cheonsusa (天壽寺), east of Gaeseong. Since it stood on the route out of Gaeseong, all farewells took place here
cheonsimwon (天尋院): an inn (院) that stood on the route out of Gaeseong in the Goryeo period. People came here to meet those setting off on long journeys.
cheonong (天翁): the Creator
cheonjae (千載): a thousand years.
cheonje (天際): the edge of the sky.
cheonje (闡提): a person who lacks the nature for liberation and cannot become a Buddha
cheonjung (千重): a thousand layers.
cheonjongnok (千鍾祿): a large salary.
cheonjinbul (天眞佛): an innocent Buddha, just as one's innate nature is.
cheonta (千朶): ta (朶) is a flower cluster. Here, the twelve thousand peaks of Geumgangsan rising like flower buds.
cheonham (千凾): a thousand boxes.
cheonha (泉下): the underworld.
cheonhwa (天花): a heavenly flower. The udumbara.
cheol (歠): to drink.
cheolgwannoeswae (鐵關牢鎻): firmly sealed by an iron barrier.
cheolda (啜茶): to drink tea
cheolli (掇籬): to repair the broken part of the fence.
cheolbyeogeunsan (鐵壁銀山): cliffs and steep mountains, frozen with ice and covered with snow, that look as if made of iron or silver. An obstacle that is all but impossible to overcome.
cheolseop (鐵鑷): tweezers
cheoljeok (鐵笛) an iron flute.
cheoljeon (掇轉): turned upside down. The same as dojeon (掉轉).
cheomdeuk (添得): to get an addition. To add.
cheomni (添籬): to repair the broken spots in the fence.
cheombing (檐氷): ice hanging from the eaves. An icicle.
cheomeojuksun (尖於竹筍): sharper than bamboo shoots.
cheomjeon (簷前): under the eaves
cheomjeon (簷前): in front of the eaves.
cheong (晴): the weather clears.
cheonggong (靑筇): a green bamboo walking stick.
cheonggwan (聽慣): to grow used to hearing.
cheonggu (淸癯): clear-eyed and gaunt.
cheongnyeong (淸寧): clear and peaceful
cheongdan (淸湍): clear rapids.
cheongdam (晴淡): the weather clears and is mild.
cheongnam (靑嵐): the bluish haze hanging over the mountains.
cheongnyang (淸凉): clear and cool.
cheongnoe (淸籟): the clear sound of the wind
cheongbang (靑尨): a grey shaggy dog
cheongbulgung (聽不窮): heard without end.
cheongseok (靑石): a jade stone with a bluish tinge.
cheongso (淸宵): a clear night.
cheongso (淸掃): to sweep clean.
cheongan (靑眼): blue eyes. Here, the discerning eye of wisdom
cheongun (晴雲): clouds after clearing.
cheongeum (淸飮): a refined drinking party.
cheongjeol (淸絶): clear and outstanding.
cheongchang (晴窓): a sunlit window.
cheongtae (靑苔): green moss
chegu (體劬): the body is weary.
chetan (替炭): to take the place of charcoal.
cheru (涕淚): tears
cheseok (砌石): stone steps. To lay stone steps.
chechamgan (切參看): to examine everything.
cho (初): for the first time
cho (鞘): a scabbard, or to make a scabbard.
cho (蘸): to dip. To get wet.
chogyeol (初決): to settle it for the first time.
chogyeong (初驚): just startled.
chogye (苕溪): name of the river that flows in front of Yeoyudang in Yangsu-ri. Also written Sonae, or Ucheon (牛川)
chogeun (草根): grass roots.
chonan (初暖): just getting warm.
choru (草樓): a melon-field lookout hut roofed with straw
chori (草裡): in the thicket.
chobalcho (初發處): the place where a stream first springs up.
chobaegeok (超百億): to transcend everything. Means it cannot be expressed in words.
chobulje (草不除): not removing the grass
chosang (苕上): Sonae [牛川, which flows in front of Yeoyudang in Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do
choso (樵蔬): firewood and greens.
choso (樵蘇): cutting wood and cutting grass. Cutting wood is called cho and cutting grass is called so
chosoro (樵蘇路): a path that woodcutters use.
chosim (初尋): to visit for the first time.
choa (梢兒): a woodcutter boy
choyo (僬僥): a dwarf
chowon (初源): the first source.
chochang (初漲): just now growing lush.
chojeongbang (草正芳): the grass is in full fragrance
jocham (雕鑱): as if carved and chiseled.
chochang (怊悵): sorrowful. Sad.
chocho (迢迢): far and remote
chocho (草草): shabby. Rough and poorly equipped.
chocho (草草): rough and humble.
chochul (初出): just come out for the first time.
choche (迢遞): far and remote.
chochwe (憔悴): gaunt and pale
chopal (初八): the eighth day of the month.
chok (斸): to hack.
chok (矗): straight. To stand upright.
choga (囑兒): to give a child instructions.
chokcheo (觸處): the place of contact.
chonchon (寸寸): inch by inch.
chong (總): all, entirely. Everything.
chongmae (叢梅): a thicket of plum trees growing in a colony
chongbakjo (叢薄照): faint sunlight gathers
chongsu (葱鬚): green onion roots
chongsi (叢矢): a bundle of arrows
chongyeyakgeun (蔥㳿瀹芹): boiled green onions and blanched water dropwort.
chongyok (寵辱): favor and disgrace. Receiving the king's favor and suffering disgrace. The same as yeongyok (榮辱).
chongyuin (摠由人): it all depends entirely on people.
chongjuk (叢竹): a bamboo grove, bamboo.
chongjip (叢集): to gather in groups
chongchong (悤悤): in a hurry. Busily.
chongchong (叢叢): gathered into clusters.
choe (最): most. Exceedingly.
choeso (催召): to urge and summon.
choesi (催詩): to urge someone to compose a poem.
choeoe (崔嵬): a high mountain
choejeol (摧折): broken and snapped
chu (麁): rough.
chu (抽): to pull up. Shoots sprout.
chumo (蝤蛑): blue crab
chuso (樵蘇): to cut grass and trees. Or, a woodcutter.
chuchang (惆悵): sorrowful.
chuchangui 惆悵意): a sorrowful meaning.
chucho (秋杪): autumn branches.
chuchu (啾啾): the chirping of birds.
chupo (秋浦): an autumn harbor.
chungnyeon (逐年): every year.
chugaejeung (逐愛憎): to drive out love and hate.
chunmyeon (春眠): spring sleep.
chunbinghomi (春氷虎尾): thin ice in spring and a tiger's tail. Both are dangerous to tread on.
chunso (春宵): a spring night.
chunsu (春睡): spring sleep.
chuna (春蛾): a spring butterfly. Refers to Zhuangzi's butterfly dream (胡蝶夢).
chuncheop (春帖): auspicious phrases written and pasted on the gate at Ipchun, the beginning of spring
chunchubeop (千秋法): the Chunqiu style of writing.
chunpungmyeon (春風面): a manner as warm as the spring breeze.
chulmunyeong (出門迎): to come out the gate to greet.
chulsein (出世人): a person who has left the secular world.
chungsohan (沖霄漢): the empty sky.
chwema (揣摩); weighing and reckoning
chwi (吹): to blow. To blow in.
chwimyeonjung (醉眠重: the drunken sleep is heavy.
chwimogeom (吹毛劒): a sword so sharp that a hair blown onto its blade is cut. Used as a metaphor for the degree of enlightenment, that is, the subtle working of Seon (禪機).
chwimi (翠微): the green aura of the mountains. The mountains.
chwisan (聚散): gathering and scattering.
chwiseo (吹絮): to blow willow catkins in.
chwiseong (臭聲); smells and sounds.
chwiyak (脆弱): soft and weak
chwiyeong (翠影): green shadows
chwiyong (取用): to take and use.
chwiu (吹雨): to blow the rain away.
chwijamun (醉自聞): to become drunk from listening.
chwijo (翠篠): green bamboo.
chwijeok (吹笛): to play the flute.
chwicheo (吹處): the place where it blows.
chwipo (醉飽): to eat one's fill and get drunk.
chwihwa (吹火): to light a fire.
cheung (層): to form layers.
chungeochomok (蟲魚草木): insects and fish, grass and trees. A general term for the things of the natural world.
chi (雉): pheasant.
chisim (穉心): a childish mind. A naive mind.
chiak (雉嶽): Chiaksan.
chija (穉子): a young son.
chijeon (癡癲): a fool, an idiot.
chipo (治圃): to tend a vegetable garden.
chik (敕): to order. To make someone do.
chin (襯): to cling close.
chinsujeok (親手摘): to pick with one's own hands.
chinhyang (親鄕): one's parents' hometown.
chilgeun (七斤): the weight of a robe.
chilgeunsam (七斤衫): a robe weighing seven geun. From the hwadu in which a monk asked Zhaozhou (趙州), "They say the ten thousand dharmas return to one; where is that?" and Zhaozhou answered, "When I was in Qingzhou (靑州) I made a hemp robe, and it weighed seven geun."
chilbomal (七寶襪): socks adorned with the seven treasures.
chilbun (七分): 70%
cheolseonggwan (鐵城關): the gate of an iron fortress.
chimgaesangtu (鍼芥相投): friends who share their hearts, the way a needle is drawn to a magnet and a mustard seed to amber. Also called chimgaejihap (鍼芥之合) or chimgaejigye (鍼芥之契)..
chimnibugwa (沈李浮瓜): soaking plums in water and floating melons on the water so as to eat the fruit cold.
chimmyeon (沉眠): to fall into sleep.
chimmun (寢門): the gate of the sleeping hall (寢殿) where the king sleeps.
chimsang (枕上): on the pillow.
chimsik (侵蝕): to gnaw away.
chimjeom (枕簟): a pillow and a straw mat. A rough bed
chimjeongcheokgi (侵精瘠氣): to gnaw away at the vital energy and wither it.
chimji (沈鷙): calm yet fierce
chimchim (駸駸): swift
chimha (枕下): at the head of the pillow.

ㅋ (k)

kwaeyeo (快如): thrillingly.

ㅌ (t)

ta (他): otherwise.
ta (墮): to fall.
tabi (躱悲): to hide one's sorrow.
taji (墮指): fingers falling off from frostbite. Bitter cold.
tacheongjeong (打蜻蜓): to catch dragonflies
tapa (打破): to smash.
tak (擢): outstanding. Towering
tak (濯): to wash.
tak (託): to entrust. To rely on.
tak (柝): to split. Here, to split firewood.
taksimgi (託心期): to entrust the thing one had promised oneself in one's heart.
tangeum (彈琴): to play the geomungo.
tandu (灘頭): the edge of the rapids.
tanseocheon (嘆逝川): to lament time that has flowed away like a stream. Taken from "Zihan (子罕)" of the Analects, where Confucius, by the water, said, "What passes is just like this! It never stops, day or night! (逝者如斯夫！不舍盡夜.)
tanju (呑舟): a fish big enough to swallow a boat in one gulp
tantu (呑透): to gulp down.
tanpyeong (坦平): level.
talgak (脫殼): to shed one's skin. Meaning death.
talsil (脫實): a chestnut that has popped out of its bur
tamjin (貪嗔): greed and anger. In Buddhism, adding chi (痴), delusion, to these gives the three poisons (三毒).
tang (蕩): dissolute
tang (盪): to wash. To ripple.
tangmok (湯沐): meaning a town whose taxes go to cover the cost of bathing; refers to a feudal lord's private fief.
tangbyeong (湯餠): rice-cake soup.
tangseok (蕩析): swept by the wind and split apart
tangcheok (蕩滌): to wash clean.
tanghyul (蕩潏): great waves flowing as if to sweep everything away
tae (迨): to reach
taegosong (太古松): a kind of pine.
taegeum (胎禽): another name for the crane.
taenosaeng (太怒生): to sprout as if in a great rage.
taemun (苔紋): moss patterns.
taebong (苔封): to be covered with moss.
taetang (駘蕩): balmy
taeheo (太虛): short for taecheong heogong (太淸虛空). The sky, the void. It is also his own dharma name.
taehwa (苔花): moss flowers.
togakgung (兎角弓): a bow made of rabbit horn. Since rabbits have no horns, it has the same meaning as turtle hair.
tomyeonhoedu (土面灰頭): head and face covered all over with filthy grime. The Blue Cliff Record (碧岩录) says: "If one does not go out into the world, one regards oneself as the clouds and the sky; if one goes out into the world, one is suddenly ash-headed and earth-faced (若不出世, 則自視雲霄; 若出世, 便灰頭土面."
toak (吐萼): to put forth flowers.
toin (土人): a native.
tongbeomseong (通凡聖): taking the ordinary and the holy together.
tongamsu (通暗水): to let water flowing underground pass through.
toe (堆): to pile up.
toegae (退丐): to withdraw and beg.
toedoong (退陶翁): Master Toegye Yi Hwang
toebal (退髮): fallen hair.
tu (妬): jealousy
turu (鬪累): a game of competing over who can stack the most
tuhan (偸閑): to steal some leisure. To find some leisure.
teukji (特地) : especially.

ㅍ (p)

pa (怕): to fear
pa (罷): to finish. To wake from a dream.
pa (頗): quite.
padu (爬頭): to scratch one's head
paran (波瀾): waves, billows.
pasa (婆娑): shadows swaying
pasu (把手): to hold hands.
paae (頗愛): to love quite a lot.
paong (破甕): to break the jar. The allusion in which Sima Guang (司馬光) of the Song dynasty, while playing with other children as a boy, saved a child who had fallen into a large jar full of water by breaking the jar with a stone while everyone else was at a loss. Here it means a talent who is young but bright.
pajeol (破折): to smash and break.
paje (破除): to remove. To get rid of.
pacheuk (婆側): beside one's wife.
pahwansu (波還水): the waves turn back into water.
The waves make the water swirl.
pan (判): to discern. To judge.
palmul (八物): the things of the eight directions. The same as all things.
paryeon (八埏): the ends of the eight directions. The whole world.
paeha (敗荷): withered lotus.
paengcha (烹茶): to boil tea.
pyeon (便): suddenly.
pyeon (遍): all over, entirely.
pyeonae (偏愛): to love dearly.
pyeonpyeon (翩翩): birds or butterflies fluttering
pyeonpyeon (片片): piece by piece.
pyeonhyu (便休): to suddenly rest. Or, to rest comfortably.
pyeonggyeong (萍梗): duckweed and a doll carved from wood. A metaphor for drifting with no fixed abode
pyeongmyeong (平明): around daybreak
pyeongtan (平坦): the road is level.
pye (敝): to wear out and fall apart.
pye (吠): a dog barks
pyegan (肺肝): lungs and liver. One's innermost heart.
pyeil (弊日): to block out the sun.
po (抛): to throw.
po (飽): full.
podan (蒲團): a mat woven of cattails. Refers to a humble household.
podo (葡萄): grapes. Here, wild fruit such as wild grapes.
poban (飽飯): to eat one's fill of rice.
poeo (鮑魚): salted fish. Symbolizes an intellectual who has been tamed, giving up his own nature.
pohap (蒲鴿): turtledove.
pokji (爆地): the ground explodes.
pyobak (漂泊): to wander.
pyoyeon (飄然): fluttering in the wind.
pyojil (慓疾): fast. Swift.
pungnyeong (風鈴): wind bell.
pungnyu (風柳): willows blowing in the wind.
pungsaek (風色): the look of the wind. The feel of the wind.
pungso (風掃): the wind sweeps it away.
pungyu (風柔): the wind is soft.
pungeun (楓殷): deeply colored maple leaves.
pungja (風刺): a subordinate figuratively remonstrating with a superior over a fault.
pungjeom (風颭): the wind rises
pungjeong (風定): the wind is calm.
pungta (風打): the wind strikes.
pibok (被服): to wear mourning clothes.
pisa (辟蛇): to avoid snakes.
pise (避世): to withdraw from the world.
piui (披衣): to throw on clothes. Merely draping clothes on without wearing them properly.
picheonabaek (彼千我百): his was a thousand li, mine is a hundred. Since the distance from Seoul to Janggi (長鬐) was eight hundred li, he likens it to Han Yu's eight thousand li to say it is nothing at all
pipung (辟瘋): pung (瘋) is leprosy. To avoid contagious disease.
pihadeuk (彼何得): how could that be a gain?
pilgyeong (畢竟): finally, in the end.
pilseol (筆舌): the brush and the tongue.
pipsi (逼視): to go up close and look.

ㅎ (h)

hagaeng (何更): how, again.
hageo (何去): where are you going?
hagung (何窮): how could it ever end?
hananchuk (何難測): what difficulty is there in measuring it? Means it is not all that hard.
haro (何勞): why go to the trouble.
hamul (何物): what thing.
habuk (河北): when An Lushan (安祿山) rebelled under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the whole Hebei region surrendered to An Lushan
hasa (何事): for what reason. Means unexpectedly.
hasa (河沙): the grains of sand of the Ganges (恒河) in India. Used to mean countless.
haseonmae (下先梅): it comes down first upon the plum. Means the plum blossomed first of all.
hase (賀歲): to celebrate the New Year.
hasoyu (何所有): what do you possess?
hasu (何須): why must.
hasuri (何須理): why must one argue it?
hasuhyeom (何須嫌): why must one say one dislikes it?
hasun (荷脣): the curled-up edge of a lotus leaf.
hayeom (何厭): why would one dislike it?
hayong (何用): what use is it? Why –?
hayu (何有): how could there be?
haui (何意): who would have thought?
hai (遐吏): name of an island. Refers to the Hokkaido (北海道) region of Japan
hajeon (何傳): how could it be conveyed?
hajeungban (何曾飯): when did I ever eat a meal?
hachae (鰕菜): greens seasoned with shrimp.
hapil (何必): why insist.
hahwang (何況): let alone.
hakgol (鶴骨): as gaunt as a crane's bones. An expression the poet uses for himself.
hakdo (學道): to learn the Way.
hangnyeo (鶴唳): the cry of a crane.
hangmyeong (鶴銘): refers to the Yihe Ming (瘞鶴銘). China
hangmusaeng (學無生): to learn non-birth. musaeng is a Buddhist term for neither arising nor ceasing (不生不滅), without arising and ceasing (生滅).
hakjeongsim (鶴頂深): camellia flowers as deep red as the red patch on a crane's crown.
hakjuseon (學做仙): to learn how to become an immortal.
han (罕): rare
han (閑): to neglect. Trivial.
han (漢): a man, a fellow.
hangijeung (旱氣蒸): sweltering in a drought.
handanchim (邯鄲枕): the allusion in which a boy running errands at an inn in Handan borrowed the pillow of the Taoist Lü Weng, laid his head on it for a nap, dreamed of enjoying every kind of worldly wealth and glory, and gained enlightenment.
hando (閑挑): to shoulder at leisure.
hanbing (閒憑): to lean at leisure.
hansusuk (閑睡熟): the leisurely sleep is deep.
hananguk (韓安國): a Palace Grand Master (中大夫) under King Xiao of Liang (梁孝王) of the Han dynasty. When he lost power after holding high office, the jailer (獄吏) Tian Jia (田甲) insulted him. When Anguo said that even dead ashes can sometimes catch fire again, the jailer said that if they ever did, he would piss on them
hanamsoeundo (寒岩小隱圖): a painting of a recluse's dwelling beside cold rocks.
hanyeong (閒詠) : chanting at leisure.
hanyu (韓愈): a prose writer of the Tang (唐) dynasty. His courtesy name was Tuizhi (退之). He defended Confucianism (儒學) and rejected Buddhism. When Emperor Xianzong (憲宗) tried to bring a relic (舍利) of the Buddha into the palace, he submitted the "Memorial on the Buddha's Bone (論佛骨表)" criticizing Buddhism and was demoted to Prefect of Chaozhou (潮州刺史), eight thousand li away
haninojunggeo (韓人誤中車): said of the man of Han who struck at Qin Shi Huang with an iron hammer to assassinate him but missed him and hit only the carriage, so the assassination failed. All ambition and no substance.
hanjang (閑將): to carry along at leisure.
hanjeong (閑情): to block one's feelings. To suppress them.
hanpa (閒把): to hold at leisure.
hanhwa (寒花): a cold flower. Here, an autumn wild chrysanthemum
hanhwa (閑花): a leisurely flower.
hanhwon (寒暄): cold and heat. The change of the seasons.
ham (含): to hold in the mouth. To include.
hamgu (含鉤): to bite the fishhook.
hamgwi (咸歸): all return.
hamyeon (含煙): to hold the mist.
hamwonjeon (含元殿): name of a palace hall of the Tang dynasty. Here, a metaphor for the world of enlightenment.
hamoe (檻外): outside the railing.
hamha (谽谺): the valley is empty.
hamha (頷下): under the chin.
hapsap (呷唼): gulping water and pecking at feed.
hangjang (抗章): a memorial (上書) submitted formally in writing
hangjang (骯髒): stiff and uncompromising.
hanga (姮娥): the fairy who stole and ate the Queen Mother of the West's elixir of immortality and fled to the moon.
haenyosanhwon (海鬧山喧): means the sea waves and the mountain wind are noisy. Can also be read as the world being in turmoil.
haeyeok (海亦): the sea too. A play on words, because the monk to whom this poem was given was named Hae (海). His original name was probably Haegong (海空).
haeyeon (孩然): a child giggling
haeoejung (海外中): outside and inside the sea.
haewimuk (海爲墨): to make the sea into ink.
haeeun (偕隱): to hide away together
haejang (海藏): the treasures kept by the sea. Here it means the Tripitaka Koreana, the sea of words.
haetal (解脫): to break free.
haenggyeong (行徑): to go, taking it as the path.
haengnyeon (行年): the years one has lived.
haengdae (荇帶): a band-shaped water chestnut that propagates by its stems.
haengni (行履): the way one goes.
haengeum (行吟): to chant while walking.
haengja (杏子): apricot.
haengjang (行藏): going out into the world and hiding away
haengjang (行裝): a bundle of luggage.
hyang (享): to enjoy. To echo.
hyanggamchwi (香堪嗅): the fragrance is worth smelling.
hyangnang (香娘): a cockroach or a millipede
hyangseok (向夕): toward evening.
hyangso (香蔬): fragrant greens.
hyangoegu (向外求): to seek outside oneself.
hyangjang (響牆): an echo wall. A low wall built to divide a space off from the outside.
hyangju (香炷): an incense wick.
hyangju (香廚): an elegant term for the kitchen.
heodu (虛頭): vanity.
heobu (虛負): to betray in vain.
heosaengnangsa (虛生浪死): to live in vain and recklessly
heosong (虛送): to spend in vain.
heotong (虛通): empty and open.
heonchang (軒窓): a lifting window.
heohoe (虛懷): to empty one's heart of its feelings.
heon (獻): to offer.
heonmyeongaek (軒冕客): a high official who rides in a carriage in proper court dress
heomchagan (險且艱): rugged and hard as well.
heomhui (嶮巇): a rugged, steep mountain
hyeon (懸): to hang.
hyeonsan (玆山): another name for Heuksan (黑山), where Jeong Yak-jeon was in exile
hyeonsin (現身): to manifest in bodily form
hyeonae (懸崕): a cliff that seems to hang in the air.
hyeonae (懸艾): an old custom of the state of Chu (楚) in which, on the fifth day of the fifth month, people trod on white grass (白草) together, gathered mugwort, shaped it into the figure of a person, and hung it above the door. They believed it could ward off evil.
hyeonaechobyeok (懸崖峭壁): hanging cliffs and sheer precipices.
hyeonu (賢愚): the wise and the foolish.
hyeomno (嫌老): loathing old age
hyeoban (夾岸): flanking the riverbank.
hyeonggeuk (荊棘): a thorny tree.
hyeongdan (形端): the form is upright.
hyeongbeom (荊凡): Jing and Fan were both small states of the old Western Zhou (西周). Later used to mean transience, because their survival (存亡) was uncertain. Appears in the "Tian Zifang (田子方)" chapter of Zhuangzi.
hyeongbi (荊扉): a brushwood gate.
hyeongjeok (形跡): form and traces.
hyeongcha (荊釵): a hairpin carved from thorn wood.
hoga (護訶): to guard and protect.
hogwa (呼過): to pass by crying.
honyeom (呼念): to chant the Buddha's name
horan (胡亂): roughly and chaotically.
hobuin (豪富人): a very wealthy person.
hosan (葫蒜): garlic
hoa (呼兒): to call the attendant
howol (皓月): a white moon
hojeop (蝴蜨) butterfly.
hopung (好風): a refreshing breeze.
hoho (呼呼): calling and calling the Buddha's name.
hon (渾): all, entirely.
honsin (渾身): the whole body (全身). The entire body
hona (昏鴉): dusk.
holgi (忽起): to rise suddenly.
hori (忽爾): suddenly.
holchak (忽著): to stick suddenly.
holhol (忽忽): sudden. Fleeting.
hongmyeon (紅面): red-faced.
hongbyeok (紅擘): red forefeet
hongsa (紅詞): the songs of Xiaohong (小紅). Xiaohong was a maidservant of the Song-dynasty poet Fan Chengda (范成大). She excelled in talent and beauty (才色) and in literary arts (文藝), so Fan Chengda married her off to Jiang Kui (姜夔).
hongyak (紅藥): red peony.
hongu (紅雨) : an expression describing red petals falling like rain.
hongipo (紅夷礮) : a cannon made by the western barbarians.
hongil (烘日): scorched by the sun.
hongjo (鴻爪): a wild goose's claws.
hongchul (紅出): red flowers bloom.
hongchwisaek (紅翠色): a riot of colors.
honghwang (鴻荒): the time when heaven and earth were created
hwadujo (話頭鳥): a name given because the bird's song sounds as if it were taking up a hwadu.
hwaryun (火輪): a fiery wheel. A metaphor for the sun.
hwaseo (禾黍): rice and millet.
hwaseomong (華胥夢): the allusion in which the Yellow Emperor (黃帝), during a nap, went to the land of Huaxu and saw how well that land was governed. Used to mean
an auspicious dream.
hwaso (花笑): the flowers laugh.
hwasong (火松): pine for firewood.
hwasukjin (話宿塵): old tales.
hwamanan (花滿眼): flowers fill the eyes.
hwawol (和月): together with the moon.
hwaun (和雲): to mingle with the clouds.
hwajo (花詔): news of the flowers.
hwapum (花品): the grade and quality of flowers
hwapilmyo (畫筆描): to depict and draw with a brush.
hwakgul (蠖屈): the inchworm bends its body.
hwagyeon (廓然): wide open and unobstructed.
hwan (還): on the contrary. To come back.
hwangi (喚起): to call and wake
hwandeukpi (換得皮): to exchange and get a hide.
hwallan (汍瀾): tears streaming down
hwallyeon (還憐): to love it after all
hwalli (還理): to repair again.
hwanmido (還迷道): the Way becomes confused instead.
hwansu (還羞): ashamed after all.
hwansa (還寺): to return to the temple.
hwaneok (還憶): to think back.
hwanu (喚雨): to call the rain. Since rain comes when doves call, hwanu is also used as another name for the dove.
hwanin (幻人): an illusory person.
hwanjungin (幻中人): a person living amid illusions.
hwanjungbihwan (幻中非幻): that which is not illusion in the midst of illusion.
hwanjeung (還曾): still, ever.
hwancheok (歡戚): joy and sorrow.
hwanpo (幻泡): illusions and bubbles. gi (幾): almost.
hwanhae (幻海): a sea of illusion. A metaphor for this vain world.
hwalgu (活句): living words. A hwadu.
hwaryeon (豁然): wide open and refreshing
hwalhwal (豁豁): wide open, with nothing blocking it.
hwangnae (況乃): let alone.
hwangnun (黃嫩): a tender yellow
hwangdang (荒唐): hard to make sense of. Absurd.
hwangni (黃鸝): oriole.
hwangmae (黃梅): the time when the plum fruits ripen yellow.
hwangsong (惶悚): fearful.
hwangsi (况是): let alone.
hwangucheong (黃又靑): turning yellow and then green again. Spring coming after autumn.
hwangyullyu (黃栗留): the Chinese-character name for the oriole
hwangjeong (黃精) : name of a medicinal herb used as a tonic. A food said to make one an immortal with long life (長生) if eaten over a long time
hwangchu (荒陬): a desolate corner
hwanghwa (黃花): chrysanthemum.
haenggwa (行過): to pass by.
haengnanban (杳難攀): so far away that it is hard to climb.
haengdangbal (行當發): one should set off on the road.
haengdeuk (幸得): I wish I could get it.
haengbong (幸逢): to meet by good fortune.
haengeungpyeon (行應徧): one's steps should reach everywhere.
haengjang (行裝): to pack one's luggage.
haengcha (行且): about to –.
hyangak (香嶽): Myohyangsan.
hyeongaenghyeon (玄更玄): deep, and deeper still.
horeung (觚稜): the angular ridgelines at the corners of a palace. Used as an expression for the palace or the capital.
hon (渾): entirely, all.
honmong (魂夢): the dream of the soul. Used simply to mean a dream.
honmusa (渾無事): nothing at all is going on.
honhansa (渾閑事): all matters of no concern.
holmi (忽迷): to suddenly lose.
holbang (忽放): to suddenly let go.
holhon (忽昏): to suddenly grow dark.
hongdo (紅稻): rice ripened red.
hwau (花雨): a rain of flowers.
hwangbong (黃蜂): bee.
hoe (會): enlightenment.
hoe (恢): to widen. To become refreshing
hoe (廻): to come back
hoegwangbanjo (回光返照): the natural phenomenon in which the sunlight briefly grows strong and bright just before sunset. In the Seon school it means turning inward to discover one's true Buddha-nature.
hoegwangjo (回光照): a shortened form of hoegwangbanjo (回光返照). Refers to turning inward and discovering one's own Buddha-nature.
hoegusim (悔鉤深): gusim means exploring a deep meaning. Means regretting that one's studies in youth were not deep.
hoedu (回頭): to turn one's head.
hoerae (回來): to come to one's senses.
hoeraesim (悔來心): a regretful heart.
hoemang (恢綱): a net with wide meshes. Laozi's Daodejing (道德經) says: "Heaven's net is vast and wide; though its meshes are loose, nothing slips through (天網恢恢, 疏而不失.)"
hoemun (回紋): a round pattern.
hoebunjok (灰糞足): there is plenty of ash and night soil.
Means there is ample manure.
hoesin (灰燼): the wick has burned out.
hoeyamu (會也無): have you realized it or not?
hoeong (晦翁) : the pen name of Zhu Xi (朱熹) of the Song dynasty
hoechoe (薈蕞) : summarizing and arranging from many sources
hoenggong (橫筇): to lay one's walking stick down sideways
hoengdam (橫擔): to carry across one's shoulders
hoengsi (橫施): to draw horizontally.
hoengun (橫雲): clouds lying long across the sky.
hoengjwa (橫坐): to sit spread out in a row.
hwae (噦): to hiccup.
hweye (毁譽): slander and praise.
hyogyeong (曉磬): gyeong is a chime. Here, the dawn bell.
hyogi (曉起): to rise at dawn
hyomae (驍邁): to strive bravely.
hyosok (淆俗): the chaotic secular world.
huinjeong (後人程): the path of those who come after
hunmonggi (訓蒙機): the subtle signs of monghak (蒙學), that is, teaching children.
hwon (喧): noisy. Boisterous.
hweye (毁譽): slander and praise
hwein (毁人): to slander others. To disparage.
husu (酗誶) : to rant drunkenly and curse
huchung (候虫): insects that herald the seasons. Crickets, katydids, and the like
hwicheon (揮天): to shake the sky.
hwipil (揮筆): to wield the brush.
hyu (攜): to take along
hyu (休): to rest, to play.
hyugaek (携客): bringing a traveler along.
hyugyeol (虧缺): to wane
hyuseol (休說): do not speak.
hyuyeong (虧盈): the moon waning and then waxing full.
hyuoemyeok (休外覔): do not seek outside.
hyujang (虧牆): a crumbling wall.
hyungni (胸裏): inside the chest.
hyungjang (胷藏): to keep in one's heart.
heugwan (黑蚖): it is a sleeping snake. The original note attached to the poem writes it as "sleeping snake (睡蛇)".
heun (欣): glad.
heungan (欣看): to watch gladly.
heundeukso (欣得所): glad to have found its place
heunam (掀巖): a towering rock.
holgwa (忽過): to drop by suddenly.
hyulgoe (譎怪): bizarre.
holman (忽漫): suddenly, out of nowhere.
heumang (欽仰): to admire and revere
heupsa (恰似): exactly alike.
heupju (恰做): just right for -.
heung (興): to raise up.
heungnae (興來): inspiration arises.
heungmangyo (興亡擾): the turmoil of rise and fall.
hui (稀): rare.
huigwang (戱狂): mad mischief.
hoegwangjo (回光照): a shortened form of hoegwangbanjo (回光返照). Refers to turning inward and discovering one's own Buddha-nature.
huisaek (曦色): sunlight.
huii (熙怡): to beam with joy.
huii (希夷): a realm empty and remote. Laozi calls what is looked at but not seen yi (夷), and what is listened to but not heard xi (希).
huihui (熙熙): beaming with joy.

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